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From Flashcardlet > HBS 1. > Flashcards

HBS 1. Flashcards

0
Q

What do the systems in the body do?

A

Work together to supply nutrients and oxygen, to remove wastes and carbon dioxide, to allow movement, to protect the body, to allow reproduction and to ensure that internal conditions are kept at optimal levels

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1
Q

How many systems are there in the body?

A

11

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2
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A 
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Lymphatic system
Urinary system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
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3
Q

What does each system do?

A

Each system has it’s own role to play
E.g. The digestive system is concerned with the uptake of nutrients
All the systems work together and their activities are coordinated by the two control systems: the nervous and endocrine systems

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4
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

The maintenance of a steady state inside the body

Each of the body systems has a part to play in homeostasis

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5
Q

What forms the integumentary system?

A

Skin and other structures such as nails hairs and sweat glands

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6
Q

Describe the role of skin

A

Provides a protective outer layer for the body

Also plays a part in temperature regulation and it is the source of much sensory information that is sent to the brain

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7
Q

How much of your body weight is made up of skin?

A

16%

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8
Q

What is the total surface area of the skin in an average adult?

A

1.5-2m(squared)

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9
Q

The skin has two main layers- a superficial one and a deep one. What are their names?

A

Superficial- epidermis

Deep- dermis

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the surface layer of the skin? Why is this layer so suitable for part of the body that is exposed to a lot of wear and tear?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium. The surface layers are worn off due to wear and tear - these can be replaced by cell division in the deeper layers of the epithelium

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11
Q

Skin plays an important role in maintaining our body temperature. What structures found in the deep layer are responsible for this?

A

Blood vessels

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12
Q

Skin contains sensory receptors that send signals to the brain, providing valuable information about what is happening on the surface of the body. List four types of changes that these sensory receptors can monitor

A

Touch
Cold
Warmth
Pressure etc.

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13
Q

Describe the skeletal system

A

Consists of all the bones and associated cartilages, together with the ligaments that link parts of the skeleton together.
The bone marrow that is contained within cavities in the bones is also included in the system

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14
Q

Describe the two main parts of the skeleton

A

The central pillar or axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
The remainder consists of the bones of the limbs, including the bones that link the limbs to the axial skeleton - this part is called the appendicular skeleton

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15
Q

Describe the use of the skeleton

A

Many of the bones in the skeleton act as levers and so, working with the muscular system, are involved in movement.
Bone is a rigid material so bones provide support for other softer tissues
Some bones, such as the skull, provide protection for delicate organs
Bones also store calcium and other minerals and the bone marrow forms blood cells

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16
Q

What is in the axial skeleton?

A

Sternum
Rib
Skull

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17
Q

What is in the appendicular skeleton?

A 
Femur
Humerus
Clavicle
Tibia
Hip bone
Patella
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18
Q

The skull protects the brain. Think of two other examples of bones protecting delicate organs.

A

Bones of thorax (sternum and ribs) protecting heart

Pelvis protecting pelvic organs

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19
Q

Bones store calcium. When there is too much calcium present in the bloodstream, more is taken into bones to be kept until it is required. On the other hand, if the levels of calcium in the blood are too low, the bone will release calcium into the blood so that the levels are restored. What is this a good example of?

A

Homeostasis

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20
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of calcium from bone?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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21
Q

Describe the muscular system

A

All the muscles in the body and the tendons that connect the muscles to bones and other structures
Muscular tissue is capable of becoming shorter and so can exert a pull on the structures to which it is attached
Thus parts of the skeleton can move
This action generates heat and plays a significant role in helping to maintain body temperature
Muscles also protect and support other tissues
Skeletal muscles vary in size and form, from large muscles in the trunk such as gluteus maximus and pectoralis major to small muscles in the eye such as the superior rectus

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22
Q

Describe the action of gluteus maximus

A

Extends the hip

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23
Q

What is the action of trapezius?

A

Pulls the shoulders back

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24
Q

What is the action of brachialis?

A

Flexes the elbow

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25
Q

What is the action is biceps femoris?

A

Flexes the knee

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26
Q

What is the action of extensor indicis?

A

Straightens the second finger

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27
Q

Describe the nervous system

A

Two main components:
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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28
Q

Describe the central nervous system

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord
The brain is the main coordinating centre; it receives signals from many different types of sense organs (eyes, ears, touch receptors, pain receptors etc), it analyses all the inputs and then sends out motor signals to organs that will carry out responses such as skeletal muscle
The spinal cord carries many of the sensory signals into the brain and motor signals out from the brain

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29
Q

Describe the peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of all the peripheral nerves, some sensory and some motor, that connect the brain and spinal cord with other structures in the body

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30
Q

Describe the brain

A

Has two halves or hemispheres
Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
The brain is connected to the spinal cord through the pons and medulla oblongata
Behind the pons lies the cerebellum

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31
Q

Describe the endocrine system

A

A series of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood. As the secretions pass into the blood without passing along ducts, the glands are sometimes called the ductless glands

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32
Q

Give examples of endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Ovaries and testes
Pancreas
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33
Q

As it takes some time for hormone levels to be adjusted what do the glands of the endocrine system do?

A

Control long-term changes rather than producing a rapid response like the nervous system

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34
Q

Give examples of changes made by the endocrine system

A

Blood glucose controlled by insulin from the pancreas
Metabolic rate controlled by thyroxine from the thyroid gland
Water balance controlled by antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland

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35
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A

Hormone: growth hormone releasing hormone

What is controlled: release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

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36
Q

Describe anterior pituitary gland

A

Hormone: growth hormone

What is controlled: controls rate of growth, protein synthesis etc

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37
Q

Describe the hormone which is synthesised in hypothalamus; stored and released from posterior pituitary

A

Hormone: antidiuretic hormone

What is controlled: controls water balance - causes more water to be reabsorbed from urine

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38
Q

Describe thyroid gland

A

Hormone: thyroxine

What is controlled: controls rate of metabolism

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39
Q

Describe parathyroid gland

A

Hormone: parathyroid hormone

What is controlled: controls calcium balance - increases release of calcium from bone into blood

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40
Q

Describe the thymus gland

A

Hormone: thymosin

What is controlled: promote development of lymphocytes - so important in development of immunity

41
Q

Describe the adrenal cortex

A

Hormone: cortisol
What is controlled: has metabolic effects eg promotes release of amino acids from skeletal muscle; also has anti- inflammatory effects

42
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla

A

Hormone: adrenaline

What is controlled: increases cardiac activity, blood pressure and glycogen breakdown

43
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

Hormone: insulin

What is controlled: lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake of glucose into cells

44
Q

Describe testis

A

Hormone: testosterone
What is controlled: supports development of sperm; responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics in the male

45
Q

Describe the ovary

A

Hormone: oestrogen
What is controlled: supports development of egg cells; responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics in the female

46
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system

A

The heart and all the blood vessels in the body make it up

47
Q

Describe the heart

A

Two- sided pump that transfers the blood into the systemic circulation (around the body as a whole) or into the pulmonary circulation (into the lungs)
Has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circulation and then passes it on to the right ventricle which pumps it into the pulmonary circulation
Once oxygenated in the lungs, blood returns to the left atrium and then on to the left ventricle which pumps it out into the systemic circulation again
In each of the 2 circulations blood flows first into the arteries and then into smaller arterioles
These lead to the capillaries - these are thin walled vessels where exchange between the blood and the tissues takes place
The blood collects into venules and then into veins which deliver the blood back to the heart

48
Q

The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle. Can you suggest why?

A

The left ventricle has to pump the blood into the systemic circulation which offers greater resistance than the pulmonary circulation which the right ventricle pumps blood into

49
Q

Which of the following statements about skin is correct?
A) the epidermis has a layer of stratified cuboidal epithelium
B) the deeper layer of dermis contains blood vessels that dilate when body temperature is too low
C) skin makes up 7% of body weight
D) sensory receptors in the skin relay information to the brain when the skin is touched

A

D

50
Q

The hormone that stimulates the release of calcium from bone into the bloodstream is called:

A

Parathyroid hormone

51
Q

Which of the following statements about skeletal muscles is correct?
A) biceps brachii is a large muscle at the back of the thigh that flexes the knee
B) deltoid is an abdominal muscle
C) brachialis flexes the elbow
D) trapezius is a large muscle in the shoulder region that pulls the shoulders forwards

A

C

52
Q

What is produced by the ovaries?

A

Oestrogen

53
Q

What is produced by the testes?

A

Testosterone

54
Q

What is produced by the pancreas?

A

Insulin

55
Q

What is produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol

56
Q

What is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline

57
Q

What is produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone

58
Q

Which of the following statements about the respiratory system is correct?
A) air passing into the respiratory system reaches the bronchioles immediately after the alveolar ducts
B) during inspiration, lung volume becomes greater
C) oxygen diffuses from the blood into the alveoli
D) the trachea and bronchi have small pieces of bone in their walls to ensure that they stay open at all times

A

B

59
Q

True or false

Excess tissue fluid passes into the lympathic vessels and then back to the arteries

A

False

60
Q

Which of the following statements about the kidneys is/are correct?
A) the kidneys receive 25% of the cardiac output which is delivered via the aorta to the renal artery
B) the renal corpuscle filters blood as it passes through the kidneys removing waste products
C) the renal tubule reabsorbs valuable materials such as nutrient molecules and some electrolytes back into the blood
D) if the level of antidiuretic hormone being secreted is increased, the urine that is produced will be more concentrated

A

A B C & D

61
Q

Which of the following statements about the digestive system is/are correct?
A) most digestion of food takes place in the stomach
B) enzymes from the pancreas play an important role in the digestion of food molecules in the small intestine
C) cells in the lining of the stomach secrete extrinsic factor which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12
D) the liver secretes bile salts which are used to break fats in the food into tiny droplets

A

B & D

62
Q

Why cavity is the brain in?

A

Cranial cavity

63
Q

What cavity is the lungs in?

A

Thoracic cavity

64
Q

What cavity is the spleen in?

A

Abdominal cavity

65
Q

What cavity is the urinary bladder in?

A

Pelvic cavity

66
Q

What is the plantar surface?

A

Sole of foot

67
Q

What is the pollex?

A

Thumb

68
Q

What is the brachium?

A

Upper arm

69
Q

What is the popliteal region?

A

Back of knee

70
Q

What is the gluteal region?

A

Buttock

71
Q

Which of the following statements is/are correct?
A) the ankle is distal to the hip
B) in the anatomical position, the arm is lateral to the trunk
C) in the anatomical position, the popliteal region is inferior to the gluteal region
D) in the anatomical position, the little finger is medial to the pollex
E) the heart is anterior to the oesophagus

A

A B C D & E

72
Q

Describe the respiratory system?

A

Consists of the lungs and all the airways that lead into them
In order to reach the lungs air passes through the nose into the larynx the trachea and the bronchi
Each lung has one bronchus leading into it
Inside the lungs, the airways branch forming smaller bronchi then bronchioles
These eventually lead into tiny ducts that open out into clusters of thin-walled air sacs or alveoli
The alveloli have a rich network of blood capillaries in their walls. Separated by the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries, oxygen in the air readily passes into the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction
So the key function of the respiratory system is add oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide

73
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12 pairs

74
Q

Describe the ribs

A

Most of them join with the sternum at the front and they all articulate with the vertebral column at the back
Some of the ribs only come so far round the chest wall- these are the floating ribs

75
Q

Describe inspiration

A

Chest muscles contract. Diaphragm that forms floor of thorax contracts and moves down. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and the pressure inside the chest and lungs falls. As the pressure is now slightly below atmospheric pressure air enters the lungs.

76
Q

Describe expiration

A

Same steps occur as inspiration but opposite effect. At the beginning, chest muscles relax. The diaphragm that forms the floor of the thorax relaxes and moves up. This decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and the pressure inside the chest and lungs increases. As the pressure is now slightly higher than atmospheric pressure, air leaves the lungs.

77
Q

Why do the trachea and bronchi have pieces of cartilage in their walls?

A

Helps to ensure that they always stay open

78
Q

What organs make up the lymphatic system?

A

Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils. In addition there is a network of thin-walled lymphatic vessels that run in parallel to the veins.

79
Q

Describe the lymphatic vessels

A

Collect excess fluid from the tissues. This fluid us known as lymph once it is contained within the lymphatic vessels. Lymph is eventually returned to the veins. Every so often lymphatic vessels drain into lymph nodes; these contain cells of the immune system and any microorganisms contained within lymph may be destroyed here.

80
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Provides an overflow system for excess tissue fluid and also plays an important role in body defence

81
Q

Describe the thymus

A

Lies in the chest just behind the sternum. It is fairly large in childhood, reaching its largest size relative to the size of the whole body when a child is aged 1-2 years. It remains reasonably large throughout childhood but then decreases in size, being converted mainly to fibrous tissue in adulthood. It contains cells of the immune system (lymphocytes). It produces a hormone called thymosin which plays a role in the development and maturation of lymphocytes.

82
Q

What is included in the renal system?

A

The two kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra

83
Q

Describe urine

A

Formed by kidneys, then passes down the two ureters to the bladder where it is stored and is finally expelled to the exterior via the urethra.

84
Q

Describe the kidneys

A

Receive a rich blood supply. 25% of the blood pumped out by the heart goes to the kidneys. The blood is first filtered in microscopic units called the renal corpuscles. The filtrate contains all the substances that are in blood except the blood cells and protein molecules that are found in plasma; these are too large to pass through the filter. So the filtrate contains waste products that have to be removed but also useful substances such as nutrients and electrolytes.
The filtrate then passes along microscopic tubules which reabsorb all the valuable molecules back into the bloodstream leaving only waste products dissolved in water.
The kidneys can also adjust the levels of water and electrolytes and also help to keep the pH of body fluids in balance. This can be done by the kidneys reabsorbing more or less of the substance.

85
Q

Describe nephrons

A

First part is the renal corpuscle (cup-shaped part) this filters the blood. The filtrate then passes along the renal tubule from which the nutrients, some electrolytes and some water are reabsorbed back into the blood.

86
Q

Describe antidiuretic hormone

A

Adh
Used to allow the kidneys to adjust the amount of water being reabsorbed according to the state of hydration of body tissues.

87
Q

Where is adh synthesised?

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

Which endocrine organ stores and releases adh into the blood?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

89
Q

What is the action of adh on the renal tubule?

A

Makes them more permeable to water

90
Q

What is the effect of adh on the amount of water reabsorbed by the renal tubule?

A

Increases it

91
Q

If a person is dehydrated, will more or less adh be released?

A

More

92
Q

Will this make urine more or less concentrated

A

More concentrated

93
Q

What does the digestive system consist of?

A

The digestive tract and several associated organs

94
Q

What are the major organs of the digestive tract?

A 
Mouth 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
95
Q

What are the associated organs of the digestive tract?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver

96
Q

Describe foods transit through the digestive system

A

Broken down by mechanical and chemical means

97
Q

Describe mechanical breakdown of food

A

Chewing in the mouth and churning in the stomach

98
Q

Describe chemical digestion of food

A

Mainly due to the action of enzymes that are secreted by the salivary glands, stomach and pancreas. Hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach also helps to breakdown the cellular structure of plant and animal foods; the acid also has an antibacterial action. The lever secretes bile; the bile salts that it contains emulsify fats and so help their breakdown.

99
Q

What happens once the large molecules in the diet have been broken down to small molecules?

A

they can be absorbed across the lining of the small intestine into the blood capillaries. The lining of the small intestine has many folds (eg microvilli) which increase the efficiency of the absorption process.

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