Ppod1: human loco online

Question 0

Which event defines the beginning of pre-swing phase? (1)

Answer 0

-opposite foot contact

Question 1

What kind of support phase is loading? (1)

Answer 1

Double support phase

Question 2

Which phase of the gait cycle begins when the reference side swings past the opposite foot? (1)

Answer 2

-midswing

Question 3

The initial swing phase for one side corresponds to which phase of the gait cycle on the other side? (1)

Answer 3

-midstance

Question 4

Describe walking (5)

Answer 4

• a repetitive, or cyclic process
• typical human walking pattern involves the same events being repeated over and over again as the subject walks forward
• these events are demonstrated by both the left and right sides but the events on one side do not coincide in time with the events on the other
• the gait cycle is the reference framework for describing the walking process and it defines names for each of these gait events and also the intervals between them
• gait can therefore be described and discussed in terms of the gait cycle

Question 5

Initial contact (4)

Answer 5

• the gait cycle traditionally begins and ends when one foot touches the ground to take a step
• this event is called initial contact
• in some texts you will see it referred to as heel strike but this term is no longer used as it can’t be applied to pathological gait patterns
• the gait cycle can be plotted on a timeline with its beginning defined as initial contact and end as the next ic of the same side

Question 6

Foot off (4)

Answer 6

• the same foot that made ic lifts from the ground to begin its swing forward
• this divides the gc into two phases
• the first phase in which the foot is in contact with the ground is called stance phase
• the second phase when the limb is swinging forward is the swing phase

Question 7

Loading response (2)

Answer 7

• starts with ic and finishes with opposite foot off

- period where weight is transferred from one limb to the other ie when the new stance limb is loaded

Question 8

Preswing (3)

Answer 8

• starts with opposite foot contact and finishes with foot off
• period during which the reference side prepares for the swing phase
• it corresponds to loading on the opposite side

Question 9

Interval between opposite foot off and opposite foot contact (1)

Answer 9

Contralateral swing phase

Question 10

Loading and pre swing (1)

Answer 10

Double support phases

Question 11

Not loading and preswing (1)

Answer 11

Single support phases

Question 12

Mid and terminal stance (5)

Answer 12

• single support period between opposite foot-off and opposite foot contact
• long interval in which bodys com progresses from behind supporting stance foot to infront of it.
• This therefore allows us to subdivide this phase into two parts
• during the first the com is behind the stance foot an during the second it is in front
• first phase mid stance, second terminal stance

Question 13

Mid stance (5)

Answer 13

• first phase of single support and finishes when body weight vector is aligned over stance foot
• in typical gait this will correspond to the max height attained by the centre of mass
• in practice this can be difficult to discern by eye and the point at which the feet cross is often taken as a marker of convience for the end of mid stance
• for typical gait this will correspond with the alignment if the com over the stance foot
• note: people refer to midstance as an event rather than a phase

Question 14

Swing phase (3)

Answer 14

• initial swing
• mid swing
• terminal swing

Question 15

Percent ic (1)

Answer 15

0% and 100%

Question 16

Percent double support

Answer 16

0-10, 50-60

Question 17

Percent single support

Answer 17

10-50, 60-100

Question 18

Percent opposite foot off

Answer 18

10

Question 19

Percent opposite foot contact

Answer 19

50

Question 20

Percent foot off

Answer 20

60

Question 21

Percent stance

Answer 21

0-60

Question 22

Percent swing

Answer 22

60-100

Question 23

Percent loading

Answer 23

0-10

Question 24

Percent mid stance

Answer 24

10-30

Question 25

Percent terminal stance

Answer 25

30-50

Question 26

Percent preswing

Answer 26

50-60

Question 27

Initial swing (4)

Answer 27

• phase in which the swing limb accelerates forwards
• finishes when the feet cross
• definition implies that its timing would be expected to be 50% later than the end if mid stance but its not
• this merely serves as a reminder the percentage values are not accurate

Question 28

Mid swing (4)

Answer 28

• starts when initial swing ends
• the end of midswing is defined as the point at which the swinging limb is forward and the tibia is vertical
• this is a fair definition for normal gait but not all pathological gait eg crouch gait may never achieve a vertical tibia
• alternative definition is point of max hip flexion

Question 29

Terminal swing (2)

Answer 29

• final phase of cycle between end of mid swing and ic
• in normal gait it is the phase in which advancement of the swinging limb is achieved solely via the extension of the knee

Question 30

End of mid stance

Answer 30

When the feet cross

Question 31

End of initial swing

Answer 31

When the feet cross

Question 32

Mid swing and terminal swing

Answer 32

Taken as phases of equal duration between feet cross and ic