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from flashcardlet > -B03 BoxNotes. > Flashcards

-B03 BoxNotes. Flashcards

0
Q

What are the gluteal muscles?

A 
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
-superior or inferior gluteal nerves
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1
Q

What are the muscles of the thigh?

A

Gluteal
Flexor
Adductors
Lateral rotators

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2
Q

What are the 4 subgroups of muscles acting on the thigh that act on the hip joint?

A

Gluteal muscles
Flexor group
Adductors
Lateral rotators

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3
Q

What are the gluteal muscles?

A 
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae
-all served by inferior or superior gluteal nerves
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4
Q

Describe gluteus maximus

A

Extends thigh, extends trunk

-inferior gluteal nerve

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5
Q

Describe gluteus medius

A

Abducts femur, rotates thigh medially

-superior gluteal nerve

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6
Q

Describe gluteus minimus

A

Abducts hip and medially rotates it

-superior gluteal nerve

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7
Q

Describe tensor fascia latae

A

Flexes and abducts hip

-superior gluteal nerve

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8
Q

What is included in the flexor group of muscles for the hip?

A

Iliacus

Psoas major

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9
Q

Describe iliacus

A

Flexes hip

-femoral nerve

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10
Q

Describe psoas major

A

Flex hip, flex vertebral column

-lumbar plexus

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11
Q

What are the adductor group muscles acting on the hip

A 
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Pectineus
Gracilis
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12
Q

Describe pectineus

A

Adducts and flexes hip

Femoral nerve

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13
Q

Describe gracilis

A

Adducts hip, flexes knee

Obturator nerve

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14
Q

Describe adductor brevis

A

Adducts hip

Obturator nerve

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15
Q

Describe adductor longus

A

Adducts hip

Obturator nerve

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16
Q

Describe adductor magnus

A

Adducts hip

Obturator and sciatic nerves

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17
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the hip?

A 
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris
Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
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18
Q

Describe obturator externus

A

Laterally rotates hip

Obturator nerve

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19
Q

Describe obturator internus

A

Laterally rotates hip

Sacral plexus

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20
Q

Describe quadratus femoris

A

Laterally rotates hip

Sacral plexus

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21
Q

Describe piriformis

A

Laterally rotates and abducts hip

Small branches of sacral plexus

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22
Q

Describe superior gemellus

A

Laterally rotates hip

Small branches of sacral plexus

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23
Q

Describe inferior gemellus

A

Laterally rotates hip

Small branches of sacral plexus

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24
Q

What groups of muscles act on the knee

A

Flexors

Extensors

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25
Q

What are the knee flexors

A

3 hamstrings: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Sartorius
Popliteus

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26
Q

Describe biceps femoris

A

Flexes knee and extends hip

Sciatic nerve

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27
Q

Describe semitendiosus

A

Flexes knee, medial rotates after flexion, extends hip

Sciatic nerve

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28
Q

Describe semimembranosus

A

Flexes knee, slight medial rotation, extends hip

Sciatic nerve

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29
Q

Describe popliteus

A

Flexes knee, rotates it medially

Tibial nerve

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30
Q

Describe sartorius

A

Flexes abducts and laterally rotates hip, flexes and slightly rotates knee after flexion
Femoral nerve

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31
Q

What are the knee extensors

A

Quadriceps femoris

  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedius
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32
Q

Describe rectus femoris

A

Extends knee, flexes hip

Femoral nerve

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33
Q

Describe vastus lateralis

A

Extends knee

Femoral nerve

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34
Q

Describe vastus medialis

A

Extends knee

Femoral nerve

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35
Q

Describe vastus intermedius

A

Extends knee

Femoral nerve

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36
Q

What muscles act on the ankle and toes?

A 
Dorsiflexors
Plantarflexors
Toe flexors
Toe extensors
Invertors
Evertors
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37
Q

What dorsiflexes the ankle

A

Tibilias anterior

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38
Q

What are the plantarflexors of the ankle

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis posterior

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39
Q

What are the toe flexors

A

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

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40
Q

What are the toe extensors

A

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

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41
Q

What are the invertors at the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior

Tibialis posterior

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42
Q

What are the ankle evertors

A

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

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43
Q

Describe tibialis anterior

A

Dorsiflexes ankle, inverts foot

Deep peroneal nerve

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44
Q

Describe the gastrocnemius

A

Plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee

Tibial nerve

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45
Q

Describe the soleus

A

Plantarflexes ankle

Tibial nerve

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46
Q

Describe plantaris

A

Plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee

Tibial nerve

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47
Q

Describe tibialis posterior

A

Plantarflexes ankle, inverts foot

Tibial nerve

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48
Q

Describe peroneus longus

A

Plantarflexes and everts foot

Superficial peroneal nerve

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49
Q

Describe peroneus brevis

A

Plantarflexes ankle and everts foot

Superficial peroneal nerve

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50
Q

Describe flexor digitorum longus

A

Flexes distal interphalangeal joint of hallux, plantarflexion of ankle
Tibial nerve

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51
Q

Describe extensor digitorum longus

A

Extends toes, dorsiflexes ankle

Deep peroneal nerve

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52
Q

Describe peroneus tertius

A

Part of EDL
Dorsiflexes ankle, everts foot
Deep peroneal nerve

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53
Q

Describe extensor hallucis longus

A

Dorsiflexes ankle, extends hallux

Deep peroneal nerve

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54
Q

Describe the pelvic girdle

A

2 hip bones

Pubis, ischium, ilium

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55
Q

Describe the hip bones

A

Meet anteriorly at pubic symphysis

Posteriorly articulate with sacrum

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56
Q

Describe the bony pelvis

A

2 hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

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57
Q

Describe the femur

A

Articulated with acetabulum of hip

Bone of thigh

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58
Q

Crus

A

Tibia and fibula

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59
Q

Patella

A

Sesamoid bone

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60
Q

Describe prescription for an invaginated scar

A

Ptb supracon/sleeve or cuff
Liners-polyurethane/TEC liners with TSB
-silicone pads

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61
Q

What is the procedure for transtibial assessment

A 
Introduce yourself
How are you today? 
Explain what will happen
Use their surname 'Mrs' 'Mr' 
No medical jargon
Speak clearly to the patient rather than their stump
Use hand gestures
Patient history
-group questions in a logical order
-listen
-take control if necessary
Handle patients
-permission to handle their stump
-explain what you are doing and why
-gentle but firm
-no sudden moves
Shapes and types of stump
-length-long, short or medium
-shape-conical, bulbous, cylindrical
-tissue consistency-firm, skeletal, oedematous, soft
-position and adherence of scar tissue, and line scar follows-irregular or linear
How to examine a stump
-purposefully and concisely
Sensitive or painful parts of stump
-ask again
-never assume
Sensitive stump
-watch patients face
-palpate tentatively at first 
Questions
-date of birth
-date of amputation
-cause of amputation
-other medical problems/medication
-sound limb health, distance could walk before amp? 
-upper limb strength
-home situation
-family circumstances
-transport
-employment
-hobbies
-patient expectations
Other
-scar-healed, adherent, invaginated, flat
-moisture-moist, dry, scaly
-sensation-absent, diminished, hyperesthesia
-grafts-location, type, healing
-dermatologic lesions-psoriasis, eczema, cysts
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62
Q

What type of epithelium is found lining the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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63
Q

Which epithelia is found in the wall of alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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64
Q

Where is ciliated epithelium found?

A

Trachea

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65
Q

Describe microvilli

A

Increase the surface area of the epithelium

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66
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Bladder

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67
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Contains chondrocytes

68
Q

Describe apidose tissue

A

Can form an insulating layer

69
Q

In bone:

A

The bone matrix is laid down in concentric layers, forming a Haversian system

70
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Has cells with only one nucleus

71
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

A

Are under voluntary control

72
Q

The lower jaw

A

Mandible

73
Q

The bone of the forehead

A

Frontal bone

74
Q

When you put your hands on your hips, you are putting your hands on this bone

A

Ilium

75
Q

A sesamoid bone

A

Patella

76
Q

One of the small bones in the wrist

A

Carpal bone

77
Q

This bone articulates with the clavicle and humerus

A

Scapula

78
Q

This is the main bone at the back of the pelvis

A

Sacrum

79
Q

A bone in the toes

A

Phalanx

80
Q

The bone of the thigh

A

Femur

81
Q

The medial bone of the crus

A

Tibia

82
Q

Describe neurotransmitters

A 
Can act on different receptors
Cholinergic receptors
-9 subtypes
 -nicotinic receptors
ACh causes nicotene? 
Muscurinic receptors
NA-acts on adrenerginoreceptors
83
Q

Describe the extent of effects of neurotransmitters

A

Paratargested-localise
Symp-global activation

3 main reasons why
A) activation of adrenal blands
B) sympathetic trunks (picture)
C) divergence (picture-one divides to 3)

84
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Surface of skin

Provides protection against abrasion

85
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Lining of stomach

Loose connective tissue

86
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Connective tissue

87
Q

Epithelium

A

Stratified

Cilia on free surface of cells

88
Q

Cilia

A

Protection, secretion

89
Q

Apidose tissue

A

Provides padding and cushions shock

90
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibres provides firm attachment and allows pull of muscle

91
Q

Types of blood cells

A

Red

White

92
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Between tips of ribs

Stiff, flexible, reduces friction

93
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

Pads within knee joint

94
Q

Bone

A

Cells-osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoprogenitor cell, osteoclast
Concentric lamellae

95
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Long, cylindrical

96
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Heart
Voluntary
Interconnected by inter collated discs, branched

97
Q

Smooth muscle

A

No nucleus

98
Q

Nerve cell

A

Parts: cell body, nuclei or neuroglia, axon, nucleolus, nucleus of neuron, dendrites

99
Q

The skeleton

A 
Skull
Mandible
Maxilla
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Vertebrae
Hip bone
Sacrum
Radius 
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges 
Coccyx 
Pubis
Patella
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
100
Q

Axial skeleton

A 
Skull
Coccyx
Sacrum
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
101
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle
Upper limb
Pelvic girdle
Lower limb

102
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle

Scapula

103
Q

Upper limb

A 
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bomes
Phalanges
104
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Hip bone

105
Q

Lower limb

A 
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
106
Q

Shoulder joint

A

Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus

107
Q

Elbow joint

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna

108
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

Manubrium

Xiphoid process

109
Q

Lumbosacral joint

A

Sacrum

Lumbrides

110
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Ilium

Pubis

111
Q

Hip joint

A

Hip bone

Femur

112
Q

Knee joint

A

Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula

113
Q

Ankle joint

A

Tarsal bones
Tibia
Fibula

114
Q

Describe quadratus plantae

A 
Flexor digitorum accessories
2 origins
4 toes
Flexion of toes
Lateral plantar nerve
115
Q

Lumbrical muscles

A

Medial side of 4 toes
Extend toes
1st medial plantar
3-5 lateral plantar

116
Q

Adductor hallucis

A

2 origins
Adduct hallux
Lateral plantar nerve

117
Q

Plantar interossei

A

3 medial side of 3-5
Adduct toes
Lateral plantar nerve

118
Q

Dorsal interossei

A

Between toes
Abduct toes
Lateral plantar nerve

119
Q

PAD

A

Plantar
Interossei
Adduct

120
Q

DAB

A

Dorsal
Interossei
Abduct

121
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Extends hip

Inferior gluteal nerve

122
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Abducts hip and rotates thigh medially

Superior gluteal nerve

123
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

Abducts hip and rotates medially

Superior gluteal nerve

124
Q

Tensor fasciae latae

A

Flexion and abducts hip

Superior gluteal nerve

125
Q

Iliacus

A

Flex hip

Femoral nerve

126
Q

Psoas major

A

Flex hip

Lumbar plexus

127
Q

Pectineus

A

Abducts and flexes hip

Femoral nerve

128
Q

Gracilis

A

Adducts hip, flexes knee

Obturator nerve

129
Q

Adductor brevis

A

Adducts hip

Obturator nerve

130
Q

Adductor longus

A

Adducts hip

Obturator nerve

131
Q

Adductor magnus

A

Adducts hip

Obturator and sciatic nerves

132
Q

Obturator externus

A

Laterally rotates hip

Obturator nerve

133
Q

Obturator internus

A

Laterally rotates hip

Sacral plexus

134
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

Laterally rotates hip

Sacral plexus

135
Q

Piriformis

A

Laterally rotates and abducts hip

Sacral plexus

136
Q

Superior gemellus

A

Laterally rotates hip

Sacral plexus

137
Q

Inferior gemellus

A

Laterally rotates hip

Sacral plexus

138
Q

Toe flexors

A

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

139
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Medial side of tibia
Tendons along toes 2-5
Flexes toes and plantarflexes ankle
Tibial nerve

140
Q

Flexor hallucis longus

A

Half way down tibia and fibula-white strip- tendons along hallux
Plantarflexes ankle, flexes hallux
Tibial nerve

141
Q

Toe extensors

A

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

142
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

Interosseous membrane- 4 toes
Extends toes and dorsiflexes ankle
Deep peroneal nerve

143
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A

Interosseous membrane- hallux
Dorsiflexes ankle and extends hallux
Deep peroneal nerve

144
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Muscles on posterior side of thigh (hamstrings), muscles in crus and foot

145
Q

Tibial part of sciatic nerve

A

Hamstrings in back of thigh
Calf muscles back of leg
Sole of foot

146
Q

Common peroneal nerve

A

Becomes superficial and deep peroneal nerves

147
Q

Superficial peroneal nerve

A

Lateral side of crus (peroneus longus and brevis)

148
Q

Deep peroneal nerve

A

Anterior side of crus and dorsum of foot (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and peroneus tertius)

149
Q

Maternal surface

A

Attached to uterus at decidual plate

150
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

Baby inside

Amniotic fluid in cavity allows for fetal movement and protects baby

151
Q

Trophoblastic and placental nutrition

A

Trophoblastic increases till 3 then decreases to be removed at 12 weeks after implantation
Placental nutrition increases from 3 to 40 weeks after implantation
0-12 weeks is trophoblastic phase
8-50 weeks is placental phase

152
Q

Myelinated axons

A

Sections of myelin insulation separated by exposed areas of axon called nodes of Ranvier

  • glial cells called Schwann cells make myelin for peripheral axons (i.e. Outside the brain and spinal cord)
  • glial cells called oligodendrocytes make myelin for central axons (i.e. Inside the brain and spinal cord)
153
Q

Comparison of myelinated and unmyelinated axons

A

Myelinated axons conduct faster and are more energy efficient (since only the nodes are activated)
More energy efficient

154
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Protects brain by acting as a barrier between it and the bloodstream
Only certain materials(such as oxygen and water) can get from the circulation into the brain tissue; other materials(such as some toxic substances) can’t reach the brain tissue

Diagram: left is a cross-section through a typical capillary
Tiny spaces in capillary wall allow easy movement of materials from inside the capillary to the tissues surrounding it
Brain capillaries lack these tiny spaces so movement through the capillary wall is much more difficult
In addition, astrocytes wrap around the brain capillaries and act as an extra barrier to movement

155
Q

Spinal cord

A

The narrow length of nervous tissue that extends from the base of the brain down through the vertebral canal, the “tunnel” formed by the alignment of the holes in each of the vertebrae

156
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Tapering lower section of spinal cord

157
Q

Filum terminale

A

Extension of pia matter anchoring spinal cord to sacrum

158
Q

Cauda equina

A

Tail of spinal nerves issuing from lower spinal segments

159
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Allows spinal cord to communicate with body
31 pairs which are labelled according to the level at which they leave the spinal cord
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

160
Q

Cervical level spinal nerves

A

C1-C8

161
Q

Thoracic level spinal nerves

A

T1-T12

162
Q

Lumbar level spinal nerves

A

L1-L5

163
Q

Sacral level spinal nerves

A

S1-S5

164
Q

Coccygeal level spinal nerves

A

Co

165
Q

Spinal cord

A

Carries sensory messages to the brain and motor messages (controlling movement) down from the brain

166
Q

Main sensory ascending spinal cord pathways

A

At the back of the cord
Dorsal (posterior) column pathways
-fasciculus gracilis (lie medially and carry info from lower half of body)
-fasciculus cuneatus (lie laterally and carry info from upper half of the body)

167
Q

Spinal cord

A

Also controls basic reflex activities

Main motor pathways are at front and side of cord

from flashcardlet (43 decks)

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