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From Flashcardlet > A&P Book: Glossary. > Flashcards

A&P Book: Glossary. Flashcards

0
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

The term used to refer to the general region bounded by the abdominal wall and the pelvis; it contains the peritoneal cavity and visceral organs

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1
Q

Abdomen

A

The region of the trunk between the inferior margin of the rib cage and the superior margin of the pelvis.

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2
Q

Abducens

A

Cranial nerve VI, which innervates the lateral muscle of the eye

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3
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body, as viewed in the anatomical position

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4
Q

Abortion

A

The premature loss or expulsion of an embryo or fetus

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5
Q

Abscess

A

A localised collection of pus within a damaged tissue

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6
Q

Absorption

A

The active or passive uptake of gases, fluids or solutes

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7
Q

Accomodation

A

An alteration in the curvature of the lens of the eye to focus an image on te retina

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8
Q

Acetabulum

A

The fossa on the lateral aspect of the pelvis that accommodates the head of the femur

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9
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A chemical neurotransmitter in the brain and peripheral nervous system; the dominant neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, released at neuromuscular junctions and synapses of the parasympathetic division

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10
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

An enzyme found in the synaptic cleft, bound to the postsynaptic membrane, and in tissue fluids; breaks down and inactivates acetylcholine molecules

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11
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

An acetyl group bound to coenzyme A, a participant in the anabolic and catabolic pathways for carbohydrates, lipids, and many amino acids

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12
Q

Acetyl group

A

CH3⃣CO

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13
Q

Acid

A

A compound whose dissociation in solution releases a hydrogen ion and an anion; an acidic solution has a pH below 7.0 and contains an excess of hydrogen ions

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14
Q

Acidosis

A

An abnormal physiological state characterised by plasma pH below 7.35

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15
Q

Acinus/acini

A

A historical term referring to a blind pocket, pouch, or sac

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16
Q

Acoustic

A

Pertaining to sound or the sense of hearing

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17
Q

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

A disease cause by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); characterised by the destruction of helper T cells and a resulting severe impairment of the immune response

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18
Q

Acromegaly

A

A condition caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in adults, characterised by a thickening of bones and an enlargement of cartilages and other soft tissues

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19
Q

Acromion

A

A continuation of the scapular spine that projects superior to the capsule of the scapulohumeral joint

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20
Q

Acrosomal cap

A

A membranous sac at the tip of a spermatozoon that contains hyaluronidase

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21
Q

Actin

A

The protein component of the microfilaments that forms thin filaments in skeletal muscles and produces contractions of all muscles through interaction with thick (myosin) filaments

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22
Q

Actin potential

A

A propagated change in the transmembrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions

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23
Q

Active transport

A

The atp- dependent absorption or secretion of solutes across a plasma membrane

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24
Q

Acute

A

Sudden in onset, severe in intensity, and brief in duration

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25
Q

Adaptation

A

A change in pupillary size in response to changed in light intensity; a decrease in receptor sensitivity or perception after chronic stimulation; physiological responses that produce acclimatisation

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26
Q

Addison’s disease

A

A condition resulting from the hyposecretion of glucocorticoids; characterised by lethargy, weakness, hypotension, and increased sking pigmentation

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27
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the axis or midline of the body, as viewed in the anatomical position

28
Q

Adenine

A

A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in the nucleic acids RNA and DNA

29
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

30
Q

Adenoids

A

The pharyngeal tonsil

31
Q

Adenosine

A

A compound consisting of adenine and ribose

32
Q

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

A compound consisting of adenosine with two phosphate groups attached

33
Q

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A

A nucleotide consisting of adenosine plus a phosphate group, also called adenosine phosphate

34
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy compound consisting of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached; the third is attached by a high-energy bond

35
Q

Adenylate cyclase

A

An enzyme bound to the inner surfaces of plasma membranes that can convert ATP to cyclic-AMP, also called adenylyl cyclase

36
Q

Adhesion

A

The fusion of two mesenterial layers after damage or irritation of their opposing surfaces; this process restricts relative movement of the organs involved; the binding of a phagocyte to its target

37
Q

Adipocyte

A

A fat cell

38
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Loose connective tissue dominated by adipocytes

39
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The superficial portion of the adrenal grand that produces steroid hormones; also called the suprarenal cortex

40
Q

Adrenal gland

A

A small endocrine gland that secretes steroids and catecholamines and is located superior to each kidney; also called suprarenal gland

41
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

The core of the adrenal gland; a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes catecholamines into the blood during sympathetic activation; also called suprarenal medulla

42
Q

Adrenergic

A

A synaptic terminal that, when stimulated, releases norepinephrine

43
Q

Adrenocortical hormone

A

Any steroid produced by the adrenal cortex

44
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

The hormone that stimulates the production and secretion of glucocorticoids by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; released by the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary gland) in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone

45
Q

Adventitia

A

The superficial layer of connective tissue surrounding an internal organ; fibres are continuous with those of surrounding tissues, providing support and stabilisation

46
Q

Aerobic

A

Requiring the presence of oxygen

47
Q

Aerobic mechanism

A

The complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water, via pyruvate; a process that yields large amounts of ATP but requires mitochondria and oxygen

48
Q

Afferent

A

Toward a center

49
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

An arteriole that carries blood to a glomerulus of the kidney

50
Q

Afferent fibre

A

An axon that carrier sensory information to the central nervous system

51
Q

Agglutination

A

The aggregation of red blood cells due to interactions between surface antigens and plasma antibodies

52
Q

Agglutinins

A

Immunoglobulins in plasma that react with antigens on the surfaces of foreign red blood cells when donor an recipient differ in blood type

53
Q

Agglutinogens

A

Surface antigens on red blood cells whose presence and structure are genetically determined

54
Q

Aggregated lymphoid nodules

A

Lymphoid nodules beneath the epithelium of the small intestine; also called peyers patches

55
Q

Agonist

A

A muscle responsible for a specific movement; also called a prime mover

56
Q

Agranular

A

Without granules; agranular leukocytes are monocytes and lymphocytes

57
Q

Alba

A

White

58
Q

Albicans

A

White

59
Q

Albuginea

A

White

60
Q

Aldosterone

A

A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates sodium and water conservation at the kidneys; secreted in response to the presence of angiotensin II

61
Q

Alkalosis

A

The condition characterised by a plasma pH greater than 7.45; associated with a relative deficiency of hydrogen ions or an excess of bicarbonate ions

62
Q

Alpha receptors

A

Membrane receptors sensitive to norepinephrine or epinephrine; stimulation normally results in the excitation of the target cell

63
Q

Alveolar sac

A

An air-filled chamber that supplies air to several alveoli

64
Q

Alveolus/alveoli

A

Blind pockets at the end of the respiratory tree, lined by a simple squamous epithelium and surrounded by a capillary network; sites of gas exchange with the blood; a bony socket that holds the root of a tooth

65
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

A disorder resulting from degenerative changes in populations of neurons in the cerebrum, causing dementia characterised by problems with attention, short-term memory, and emotions

66
Q

Amination

A

The attachment of an amino group to a carbon chain; performed by a variety of cells and important in the synthesis of amino acids

67
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic compounds whose chemical structure can be summarised as R -CHNH(2)-COOH

68
Q

Amino group

A

-NH(2)

From Flashcardlet (43 decks)

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