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From Flashcardlet > Anatomy Ch 3 (Cell structure and function) > Flashcards

Anatomy Ch 3 (Cell structure and function) Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

what is fluid outside of the cell called?

A

extracellular or interstitial fluid

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1
Q

what are the 4 concepts of cell theory?

A

1) cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
2) cells are the smallest functioning units of life
3) cells are produced through the division of preexisting cells
4) each cell maintains homeostasis

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2
Q

what separates the cell contents from extracelluar fluid?

A

cell membrane or plasma membrane

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3
Q

what holds the cell content inside of the cell?

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

the control center

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5
Q

hydrophilic

A

soluble in water

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6
Q

hydrophobic

A

insoluble in water

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7
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

two distinct layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

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8
Q

proteins may function as:

A

receptors, channels, carriers, enzymes, anchors, or identifiers

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9
Q

name the two most common methods used to study cell and tissue structure

A

light microscopy

electron microscopy

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10
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of cells

also called interstitial fluid

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11
Q

plasma membrane

cell membrane

A

separates contents of cell from extracellular fluid

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12
Q

list general functions of plasma membrane

A

physical isolation

regulation of exchange with the environment

         sensitivity to the environment
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13
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

major component of cell membrane in which phospholipids lie in two distinct layers, with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside.

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14
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

most common membrane protein that spans the width of the membrane

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15
Q

list membrane protein functions:

A 
receptors
   channels
       carriers
            enzymes
                  anchors
                       identifiers
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16
Q

Carbohydrates form complex molecules with proteins on the _________surface of the membrane

A

outer

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17
Q

glycoproteins and glycolipids function as:

A

lubricants, adhesives, and act as receptors

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18
Q

permeability

A

allowing movement of substances across a membrane

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19
Q

passive movement

A

allows movement without requiring energy

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20
Q

active processes

A

allows movement of substances, requires energy

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21
Q

ATP- adenosine triphosphate

A

form of energy used by cells

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22
Q

name two types of passive processes

A

diffusion

 filtration
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23
Q

Diffusion

A

net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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24
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference between high and low concentrations

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25
Q

what are two ways that molecules diffuse across a plasma membrane?

A

move across lipid portion of membrane

pass through a channel protein

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26
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

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27
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the force of water movement into a solution

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28
Q

describe isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic

A

equal amounts of water and solutes on both sides

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29
Q

filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure forces water across a membrane. solute molecules small enough to fit through the pores will be carried with the water.

No Concentration Gradient!

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30
Q

Carrier mediated transport can be either passive or active. True or False?

A

True

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31
Q

carrier mediated transport

A

membrane proteins bind ions or organic substrates and carry them across the plasma membrane

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32
Q

what is facilitated diffusion? Is it passive or active?

A

passive

molecule to be transferred binds to a receptor site. Shape of molecule is changed and enters the cell

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33
Q

active transport

A

requires ATP and does not require a concentration gradient

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34
Q

ion pump

A

actively transports the cations sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

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35
Q

exchange pump

A

one ion moves in one direction and another ion moves in the opposite direction

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36
Q

what is vesicular transport and is it passive or active?

A

active

materials move in and out of cell via small membranous sacs or vesicles that are form along the membrane

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37
Q

name two types of vesicular transport. What are they?

A

Endocytosis- vesicles formed along membrane to bring material into the cell

pinocytosis- cell drinking
phagocytosis- cell eating

Exocytosis- vesicle created inside of cell fuses with plasma membrane to discharge its contents

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38
Q

cytoplasm

A

general term for material inside cell. contains cytosol and organelles

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39
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular fluid

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40
Q

organelles

A

“little organ”- cell structures that perform specific functions

41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal protein framework of various threadlike filaments and hollow tubules that give the cytoplasm strength and flexibility

42
Q

microfilaments

A

thinnest strands of the cytoskeleton

composed of actin

43
Q

microtubules

A

hollow tubes made of tubulin

gives cell strength and rigidity, and anchors major organelles

44
Q

microvilli

A

small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane on the exposed surface of many cells

absorbs materials from extracellular fluid
45
Q

centriole

A

cylindrical structure composed of short microtubules

-produces spindle fibers the separates DNA strands in mitosis

46
Q

cilia

A

relatively long, slender extensions of plasma membrane that move fluids or secretions across the cell surface

47
Q

flagella

A

long whip-like extension of sperm cell that facilitates its movement

48
Q

ribosomes

A

organelles that manufacture proteins using information provided by DNA

free ribosome- scattered throughout the cell

fixed ribosome- attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

49
Q

proteasomes

A

hollow organelles that break down proteins with enzymes called proteases

50
Q

list the four functions of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

1) synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
2) storage- store synthesized molecules
3) transport- materials can be moved from place to place
4) detoxification- drugs or toxins can be absorbed and neutralized

51
Q

smooth ER

rough ER

A

smooth ER- lipids and carbohydrates produced

rough ER- protein production, modification and packaging

52
Q

golgi apparatus

A

molecules received from ER are modified and transported by vesicles to the cell surface

53
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles filled with digestive enzymes, performs cleanup and recycling functions within the cell

54
Q

autolysis

A

death of a cell

55
Q

mitochondria

A

organelles that provide energy for the cell

56
Q

What carbohydrate is mainly used by cells to generate ATP?

A

glucose

57
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

What is it?

A

outside of mitochondria in cytosol

six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into three-carbon pyruvic acid molecules

58
Q

what molecule must be present for mitochondria to produce ATP?

A

oxygen

59
Q

If no glucose is available ATP can not be generated.

T/F?

A

False

60
Q

aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)

A

the consumption of oxygen to produce energy

61
Q

what is usually the largest structure in a cell?

A

nucleus

62
Q

All cells have a single nucleus.

T/F

A

False

skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei, and mature red blood cells have none

63
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane surrounding a nucleus

64
Q

nucleoplasm

A

fluid inside nucleus

65
Q

nuclear pores

A

communication channel between the nucleus and the cytosol

66
Q

nucleoli

A

organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble the ribosomal subunits into functional ribosomes

67
Q

histones

A

protein that holds DNA strands together

68
Q

chromatin

A

loosely coiled chromosomes in a non-dividing cell

69
Q

genetic code

A

chemical “language” of the cell

70
Q

what type of bond holds nitrogenous bases together in DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

71
Q

the genetic code is also called a ____________

A

triplet code

72
Q

a sequence of three nitrogenous bases specifies_________

A

amino acid

73
Q

gene

A

functional unit of heredity that consists of all the triplets needed to produce a specific protein

74
Q

what must happen for a gene to be activated?

A

an enzyme must temporarily break the weak bonds between nitrogenous bases

75
Q

protein synthesis

A

the combined processes of transcription and translation

76
Q

transcription

A

copying DNA strand to produce mRNA strand

77
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that binds to promoter of a gene, promoting the synthesis of an mRNA strand

78
Q

codon

A

sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases along mRNA

79
Q

what happens at the “stop” signal on DNA?

A

the enzyme and mRNA strand detach, and the complimentary DNA strands reassociate.

80
Q

translation

A

synthesis of a protein using the information provided by the mRNA strand

81
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

mRNA binds with a ribosome in the cytoplasm

82
Q

function of tRNA

A

delivers amino acids that will be used by the ribosome to assemble a protein

83
Q

AUG

A

always the the promoter, methionine

84
Q

cellular reproduction is also called_________

A

cell division

85
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division

86
Q

DNA replication

A

duplication of cell’s genetic material

87
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells (excluding sex cells)

88
Q

meiosis

A

replication of sex cells

89
Q

interphase

A

interval of time between cell divisions when they perform normal functions

90
Q

what are the phases of interphase?

A

G1- normal cell functions
S- DNA replication
G2- protein synthesis

91
Q

apoptosis

A

death of a cell

92
Q

apoptosis is a key process in___________

A

homeostasis

93
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that binds to exposed DNA nitrogenous bases and binds complimentary bases

94
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes coil tightly and chromatids attach to centriole spindle fibers

95
Q

chromatid

A

DNA copy strand

96
Q

spindle fiber

A

microtubles that extend between centriole pairs

97
Q

centromere

A

point where chromatids attach

98
Q

metaphase

A

chromatids line up along metaphase plate

99
Q

anaphase

A

chromatids split towards opposite polls (daugter chromosomes)

100
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes gradually uncoil, cleavage furrow

101
Q

cytokenesis

A

cytoplasmic division- two daughter cells

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