3bio10

Question 1

Wuz biotechnology
-modern
-grnetic engineering
-plasmids

Answer 1

The use of living organisms for an industrial purpose. Modern biotechnology uses genetic modification. The insertion of a desirable gene into another organism for an industrial purpose is Recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. Plasmids can be made synthetically for biotechnology.

Question 2

Restriction enzymes
-sites
-bacteria
-ends

Answer 2

Those cleave dna at certain sequences called restriction sites. They are isolated from bacteria. Some make sticky ends, which is when cleavage results in overhanging strands. Others make blunt ends, which is when cleavage results in no overhanging strands.

Question 3

Cloning process
-procedure
-vector
-product

Answer 3

To clone a gene you have to isolate the dna that contains it and choose a cloning vector.. Vectors carry the gene of interest and have multiple cloning sites, which are restriction sites for different enzymes. Vectors often also carry genes that aid in cloning. The vector and the target gene must be cut with the same restriction enzyme to ligated them. The product is called recombinant DNA. The goal is to get the host cell to express the gene. The rDNA must be inserted into the host. As the cell divides more copies of the rDNA are made.

Question 4

PCR

Answer 4

It is used to amplify a short sequence of dna. Components of dna replication are put in a test tube and the tube is cycle through temperature changes. The temperature is raised so the DNA separates, then it is brought down again so the primers anneal to the DNA. The temperature is raised again for taq polymerase, which can withstand the temperature, to extend the primers. Everything is run for many more cycles, usually 30.

Question 5

Gel electrophoresis
-gel
-current
-dyes

Answer 5

It moves DNA through a solid gel with a matrix of pores. In electrophoresis An electric current is run through the gel. There’s a negatively charged end that repels the DNA and a positively charged end that DNA moves towards. .the strands separate based on length cuz short strands move easily but long ones lag behind. Dyes are used to visualize the location of the DNA.

Question 6

DNA microarrays
-diseased and healthy
-microchip
-hybridization

Answer 6

It’s used to compare gene expression. mRNA is isolated from a diseased individual and healthy individual. It’s tagged with a fluorescent marker so it turns green if it’s expressed highly in the healthy state, red if it is expressed highly in the diseased state and yellow if expressed equally in both. The samples are mixed together and spread on a dna microchip, which Is a piece of glass. The chip contains single stranded fragments of dna that represent the entire genome. It allows for hybridization with the complementary dna.