Flashcards in 5- Stress and Fetal Development Deck (22):
1
What is Barker's hypothesis ?
CHD, Type II diabetes, stroke, hypertension originate in fetal development if mom is overstressed
2
What is the programming hypothesis ?
an expansion of Barker's hypothesis
that non-genetic factors can organize or imprint permanently on physiological systems
3
what is the HPA axis ?
Hypothalamus releases
CRH
into pituitary gland
releases ACTH
adrenal gland releases cortisol
cortisol negative feedback for ACTH and CRH release
4
in pregnancy, the increase in cortisol concentration is due to what increases ?
estrogen and ACTH
5
what happens to cortisol concentrations at the end of pregnancy ?
glucocorticoid increase, trigger of mechanism that leads to birth
6
how does cortisol aid in postnatal survival and adaptation ?
accelerate lung maturation, decreases respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants
cortisol helps newborn in the first year of life especially,
7
why is it good for there to be moderate levels of stress in fetal development ?
sensitizes developing nervous system
develop adaptive response to stress
in rats, it was found that this benefits later learning
8
what are the physiological impacts of maternal stress ? (5)
increase in infant mortality and preterm birth
decrease in birth weight and head circumference, which predict later development and learning
foetal movement and heart rate
HPA axis response
brain structure
9
what are the significant variables for spontaneous births ?
the only one is stress
10
what counts as a preterm birth ?
under 35 weeks
11
what diseases are more likely to occur later in life if mother was stressed ?
ADHD, schizophrenia
12
what is chronic stress ? what is it linked to ?
trait anxiety, state anxiety, daily hassles
linked to delayed language development, and lower intellectual functioning
13
what is pregnancy specific anxiety ? what is it linked to ?
stressors related to pregnancy
linked to shorter gestation, decreased mental and motor developent, restlessness
14
how do teratogens affect a child early in pregnancy, compared to at the end of pregnancy ?
early: structural malformation
end : neurobehavioral deficits
15
the worst outcomes come from stress in which time of pregnancy ?
mid-gestation
16
in non-humans, which time of pregnancy leads to the most detriment ?
early gestation
17
why do some people say that stress has the most impact on a fetus in first trimester ?
in the first trimester, a lot of stressed fetuses end up dying
18
in the first trimester, stress is most linked to what as a result ?
increase in congenital abnormalities, defect in cranial-neural crest
19
in the second trimester, stress is most linked to what as a result ?
atypical laterality
20
in the third trimester, stress is most linked to what as a result ?
more of a risk in preterm labor (50% increase in chance of premature delivery)
21
in the third trimester, stress is most linked to what as a result after birth?
increase in infant crying, fussing and negative facial expressions
22