8.1

Question 1

A contraction of equal force in antagonist muscles of the arm would result in \_\_\_\_ of the arm.
A. flexion
B. extension
C. no movement
D. rotation

Answer 1

C. No movement

Question 2

Compared to the average weekend jogger, a world class marathon runner probably has a higher percentage of which kind of fibers in his legs?
A. slow-twitch
B. fast-twitch
C. smooth muscle
D. white muscle

Answer 2

A. Slow-twitch

Question 3

What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?
A. smooth
B. striated
C. cardiac
D. syncarpous

Answer 3

B. Striated

Question 4

Compared to a long distance runner, a world class sprinter probably has more of which kind of fibers in her legs?
A. slow-twitch
B. fast-twitch
C. smooth muscle
D. striated muscle

Answer 4

B. Fast-twitch

Question 5

Axons release \_\_\_\_ at junctions with skeletal muscles.
A. many different neurotransmitters
B. dopamine
C. norepinephrine
D. acetylcholine

Answer 5

D. Acetylycholine

Question 6

A physician taps you just below the knee to check a reflex that is based on information from which kind of receptor?
A. a Golgi tendon organ
B. an oscillator
C. a muscle spindle
D. a vestibular organ

Answer 6

C. A muscle spindle

Question 7

During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____.
A. fast-twitch fibers absorb more glucose
B. slow-twitch muscles produce glucose anaerobically
C. glucose use increases
D. glucose use decreases

Answer 7

D. Glucose use decreases

Question 8

Which of the following are two kinds of proprioceptors?
A. extensors and contractors
B. contractors and muscle spindles
C. muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
D. muscle spindles and extensors

Answer 8

C. Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

Question 9

A ballistic movement:
A. is a rhythmic alternation between two movements.
B. is guided by feedback during the course of the movement.
C. proceeds automatically once it has been triggered.
D. tends to overcorrect itself.

Answer 9

C. proceeds automatically once it has been triggered.

Question 10

Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called:
A. extensor muscles
B. flexor muscles
C. cardiac muscles
D. antagonistic muscles.

Answer 10

D. antagonistic muscles.

Question 11

The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to:
A. relax.
B. contract.
C. fatigue.
D. stretch.

Answer 11

A. Relax

Question 12

When an axon releases a transmitter at the nerve-muscle junction, the response of the muscle is to:
A. always relax.
B. always contract
C. relax or contract, depending on the transmitter.
D. relax or contract, depending on the duration and amount of transmitter.

Answer 12

B. Always contract

Question 13

Which muscle is “antagonistic” to a flexor muscle in the right arm?
A. a flexor muscle in the right arm
B. an extensor muscle in the left arm
C. an extensor muscle in the right arm
D. another flexor muscle in the right arm

Answer 13

C. an extensor muscle in the right arm

Question 14

In adulthood, the rooting and Babinski reflexes:
A. continue to occur, just as in infancy.
B. are completely lost, as the reflexive connections disappear.
C. are suppressed, but they can return if cortical activity decreases.
D. are suppressed, but they can return if the person is motivated.

Answer 14

C. are suppressed, but they can return if cortical activity decreases.

Question 15

What happens when a fish swims at low temperatures?
A. Muscle fibers contract more vigorously than at high temperatures.
B. The fish swims more slowly.
C. The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more rapidly.
D. The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more slowly.

Answer 15

C. The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more rapidly.

Question 16

What type of muscle controls movements of the heart?
A. smooth
B. striated
C. cardiac
D. antagonistic

Answer 16

C. Cardiac

Question 17

Infants have several reflexes, such as the \_\_\_\_ and the \_\_\_\_, that are not seen in adults.
A. knee-jerk reflex; rooting reflex
B. Babinski reflex; knee-jerk reflex
C. rooting reflex; Babinski reflex
D. knee-jerk reflex; grasp reflex

Answer 17

C. rooting reflex; Babinski reflex

Question 18

What is the stimulus for the Babinski reflex?
A. Stroking the sole of the foot
B. Placing an object firmly in the palm of the hand
C. Touching the cheek near the mouth
D. A loud noise

Answer 18

A. Stroking the sole of the foot

Question 19

The stretch reflex:
A. results in a stretch.
B. is caused by a stretch.
C. inhibits motor neurons.
D. sends a message for a muscle to relax.

Answer 19

B. Is caused by a stretch

Question 20

Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect:
A. intermediate fibers.
B. anaerobic contraction.
C. fast-twitch fibers.
D. slow-twitch fibers.

Answer 20

D. Slow-twitch fibers

Question 21

Closing your eyes and sneezing in response to suddenly seeing a bright light is an example of:
A. the rooting reflex.
B. an allied reflex.
C. a Babinski reflex.
D. a ballistic movement.

Answer 21

B. An allied reflex

Question 22

A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by:
A. increasing the speed of its action potentials.
B. increasing the amplitude of its action potentials.
C. recruiting different muscle fibers.
D. increasing its basal metabolic rate.

Answer 22

C. Recruiting different muscle fibers

Question 23

Which would be especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?
A. fast-twitch muscles
B. slow-twitch muscles
C. smooth muscles
D. intermediate muscles

Answer 23

A. Fast-twitch muscles

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of a motor program in a human?
A. yawning
B. a list of things to do today
C. a baby's first steps
D. a teenager learning to drive

Answer 24

A. Yawning

Question 25

Cardiac muscles have properties: A. just like those of smooth muscles B. just like those of skeletal muscles C. just like those of antagonistic muscles. D. intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal.

Answer 25

D. intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal.

Question 26

``` Which of the following behaviors would most likely result from activity of central pattern generators? A. a dog shaking itself to dry off B. catching a baseball C. playing the piano D. yawning ```

Answer 26

A. A dog shaking itself to dry off

Question 27

If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior? A. It could chase prey over long distances. B. It could chase prey only over short distances. C. It probably travels constantly. D. It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.

Answer 27

B. It could chase prey only over short distances.

Question 28

A proprioceptor is sensitive to the: A. degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue. B. position and movement of a part of the body. C. percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle. D. degree of fatigue in a muscle.

Answer 28

B. position and movement of a part of the body.

Question 29

What is the stimulus for the rooting reflex? A. Stroking the sole of the foot B. Placing an object firmly in the palm of the hand C. Touching the cheek near the mouth D. A loud noise

Answer 29

C. Touching the cheek near the mouth

Question 30

``` A muscle spindle responds to the: A. oxygen level in the muscle. B. acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction. C. fatigue of the muscle. D. stretch of the muscle. ```

Answer 30

D. stretch of the muscle.

Question 31

A motor program is a: A. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback. B. mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements. C. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk. D. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion.

Answer 31

D. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion.

Question 32

Central pattern generators: A. contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement. B. generate movement which is unresponsive to environmental stimulation. C. constrict the pupils in response to bright light. D. control all reflexes in adult humans.

Answer 32

A. contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement.

Question 33

What experience is similar to losing proprioception? A. Losing your sense of equilibrium B. Walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep" C. Having a phantom limb D. Teeth chattering in the cold

Answer 33

B. Walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep"

Question 34

``` Which of the following is an example of a ballistic movement? A.threading a needle B. singing a song C. picking up a newspaper D. a reflexive knee jerk ```

Answer 34

D. a reflexive knee jerk

Question 35

``` What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber? A. neuromuscular junction B.polar junction C. muscle spindle D. neurofiber synapse ```

Answer 35

A. neuromuscular junction

Question 36

The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to: A. prevent extreme muscle contractions. B. guard against fatigue of muscles. C. produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping. D. regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles.

Answer 36

A. prevent extreme muscle contractions.

Question 37

``` What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs? A. smooth B. striated C. cardiac D. antagonistic ```

Answer 37

A. Smooth

Question 38

``` Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is: A. aerobic. B. anaerobic. C. anabolic. D. abolic. ```

Answer 38

B. Anaerobic

Question 39

The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because the: A. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles B. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles. C. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not. D. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons.

Answer 39

A. Biceps have only slow-twitch muscles

Question 40

``` Which type of proprioceptor responds to increases in muscle tension? A. Golgi tendon organ B. fast-twitch fiber C. muscle spindle D. slow-twitch fiber ```

Answer 40

A. Golgi tendon organ

Question 41

``` What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs? A. smooth B. striated C. cardiac D. antagonistic ```

Answer 41

A. Smooth

Question 42

``` Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is: A. aerobic. B. anaerobic. C. anabolic. D. abolic. ```

Answer 42

B. Anaerobic

Question 43

The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because the: A. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles B. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles. C. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not. D. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons.

Answer 43

D. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle | fibers to axons.

Question 44

``` Which type of proprioceptor responds to increases in muscle tension? A. Golgi tendon organ B. fast-twitch fiber C. muscle spindle D. slow-twitch fiber ```

Answer 44

A. Golgi tendon organ