9.2

Question 1

The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams:
A. occur only in REM sleep.
B. occur only in NREM sleep.
C. are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep.
D. are more frequent and more vivid in NREM sleep.

Answer 1

C. are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep.

Question 2

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have:
A. interrupted or shortened REM sleep.
B. prolonged wakefulness.
C. prolonged NREM sleep.
D. enhanced dreaming.

Answer 2

A. interrupted or shortened REM sleep.

Question 3

The EEG record for REM sleep is most similar to which other sleep stage?
A. stage 1
B. stage 2
C. stage 3
D. stage 4

Answer 3

A. stage 1

Question 4

What is synonymous with paradoxical sleep?
A. alpha waves
B. stages 1 and 2
C. stages 3 and 4
D. REM sleep

Answer 4

D. REM sleep

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true about sleepwalking?
A. It occurs mostly in children.
B. It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker.
C. It runs in families.
D. It occurs most often during stages 3 and 4.

Answer 5

B. it is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker

Question 6

Nightmares are to \_\_\_\_ as night terrors are to \_\_\_\_.
A. children; adults
B. REM; NREM
C. narcolepsy; cataplexy
D. dopamine; serotonin

Answer 6

B. REM; NREM

Question 7

What is the best way to objectively determine if someone is asleep?
A. Monitor breathing rates.
B. Measure muscle tension.
C. Monitor brain waves.
D. Use self-report measures.

Answer 7

C. Monitor brain waves.

Question 8

For a normal person, which part of a night's sleep contains the largest percentage of stage 4 sleep?
A. early in the night
B. the middle of the night
C. toward the end of the night
D. all parts equally

Answer 8

A. early in the night

Question 9

What does cataplexy involve?
A. Dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality
B. An attack of muscle weakness while awake
C. A lack of inhibition of movement during REM sleep
D. Repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep

Answer 9

B. an attack of muscle weakness while awake

Question 10

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?
A. stage 1
B. stage 2
C. stage 3
D. stage 4

Answer 10

B. stage 2

Question 11

PGO waves are associated with which of the following?
A. NREM sleep
B. REM sleep
C. relaxation during wakefulness
D. being awakened from REM sleep

Answer 11

B. REM sleep

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep?
C. increased probability of dreaming
B. facial twitches
C. EEG pattern resembling wakefulness
D. tense and active postural muscles

Answer 12

D. tense and active postural muscles

Question 13

Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as:
A. REM behavior disorder.
B. night terrors.
C. periodic limb movement disorder.
D. restless legs syndrome.

Answer 13

C. periodic limb movement disorder

Question 14

A couple of paths from the hypothalamus release histamine, thereby:
A. increasing arousal.
B. initiating sleep.
C. shifting sleep from REM to NREM.
D. slowing the circadian rhythm.

Answer 14

A. increasing arousal

Question 15

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for:
A. getting to sleep.
B. waking up.
C. raising body temperature.
D. staying awake.

Answer 15

D. staying awake.

Question 16

A couple of paths from the hypothalamus release histamine, thereby:
A. increasing arousal.
B. initiating sleep.
C. shifting sleep from REM to NREM.
D. slowing the circadian rhythm.

Answer 16

A. increasing arousal.

Question 17

In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
A. norepinephrine.
B. acetylcholine.
C. dopamine.
D. serotonin.

Answer 17

A. norepinephrine

Question 18

Which of the following has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?
A. Narcolepsy
B. Sleep apnea
C. REM behavior disorder
D. Somnambulism

Answer 18

A. Narcolepsy

Question 19

People with REM behavior disorder:
A. show intrusions of REM sleep into wakefulness.
B. show bizarre behaviors while awake due to REM deprivation at night.
C. enter REM sleep at unusual and unpredictable times.
D. move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams.

Answer 19

D. move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams.

Question 20

EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because:
A. the EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases.
B. neurons are becoming more synchronized.
C. neurons are becoming more desynchronized.
D. blood flow is increasing.

Answer 20

B. neurons are becoming more synchronized.

Question 21

Similar to the effects of sleep apnea, rats that are repeatedly oxygen-deprived lose neurons throughout the cortex and hippocampus, causing impairments in:
A. learning and memory.
B. dreaming.
C. respiratory reflexes.
D. appetite.

Answer 21

A. learning and memory

Question 22

What does an electroencephalograph measure?
A. action potentials in an individual neuron
B. the electrical resistance of the scalp
C. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain
D. the average of the electrical potentials of the cells in a given region of the brain

Answer 22

D. the averae of the electrical potentials of the cells in a given region of the brain

Question 23

One explanation for narcolepsy in humans is:
A. a loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus.
B. a genetic loss of basal forebrain neurons.
C. swollen tonsils.
D. damage to the locus coeruleus.

Answer 23

A. a loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus.

Question 24

The \_\_\_\_ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain.
A. reticular formation
B. tectum
C. tegmentum
D. thalamus

Answer 24

A. reticular formation

Question 25

Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea? A. involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep. B. periods without breathing during sleeping. C. tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day. D. sleep walking and sleep terrors.

Answer 25

B. periods without breathing during sleeping.

Question 26

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is: A. very active during sleep. B. active when the pontomesencephalon is not. C. almost completely inactive during sleep. D. instrumental in waking us up.

Answer 26

C. almost completely inactive during sleep.

Question 27

``` Which of the following physical conditions is related to apnea? A. Puberty B. Being female C. Being obese D. Having asthma ```

Answer 27

C. being obese

Question 28

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is: A. the single, critical system in arousing the cortex. B. only one of several systems involved in arousal. C. activated only by external stimuli. D. activated only by internal stimuli.

Answer 28

B. only one of several systems involved in arousal.

Question 29

An polysomnograph displays: A. action potentials of individual neurons. B. a combination of EEG and eye-movement records. C. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain. D. the electrical resistance of the scalp.

Answer 29

B. A combination of EEG and eye-movement records.

Question 30

``` After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically: A. returns immediately to stage 1. B. enters REM. C. cycles back through stages 3 and 2. D. wakes up. ```

Answer 30

C. cycles back through stages 3 and 2

Question 31

``` Night terrors are most common in ____ during ____. A. adults; NREM sleep B. adults; REM sleep C. children; NREM sleep D. children; REM sleep ```

Answer 31

C. children, NREM sleep

Question 32

``` Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they: A. block histamine. B. stimulate acetylcholine. C. decrease adenosine. D. block GABA. ```

Answer 32

A. block histamine.

Question 33

``` What is the result of electrical stimulation to the reticular formation? A. Sudden onset of sleep B. Increased alertness C. Coma D. Hallucinations ```

Answer 33

B. Increased alertness

Question 34

``` Slow-wave sleep is comprised of: A. alpha wave sleep. B. stages 1 and 2. C. stages 3 and 4. D. REM sleep. ```

Answer 34

C. stages 3 and 4

Question 35

In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams: A. are less likely to include striking visual imagery. B. are more likely to include complicated plots. C. do not contain violence. D. are almost always less than five minutes.

Answer 35

B. are more likely to include complicated plots

Question 36

What is one of the contradictions in "paradoxical" sleep? A. The frequency of the brain waves is low, while the amplitude is high. B. The brain is very active, while many of the muscles are deeply relaxed. C. Subcortical structures are very active, while the cerebral cortex is inactive. D. Postural muscles are tense, while heart rate and breathing rate are very low.

Answer 36

B. The brain is very active, while many of the muscles are deeply relaxed.

Question 37

What is a defining criterion for insomnia? A. a person who consistently feels sleepy during the day B. consistently less than 6 hours of sleep per night C. at least 50% less REM sleep than normal D. more time spent in NREM sleep than in REM sleep

Answer 37

A. a person who consistently feels sleepy during the day

Question 38

``` PGO (waves) is an abbreviation for which of the following? A. paradoxical gradual onset B. psycho-galvanic oscillation C. pons geniculate occipital D. psychasthenia glyceric onomatopoeia ```

Answer 38

C. Pons geniculate occipital

Question 39

``` Which of the following structures is NOT a brain structure of arousal and attention? A. suprachiasmatic nucleus B. reticular formation C. locus coeruleus D. raphe nuclei ```

Answer 39

A. suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 40

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4): A. breathing and heart rates increase. B. brain activity increases. C. slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number. D. brain waves become smaller.

Answer 40

C. slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number.

Question 41

After a period of sleep deprivation, PGO waves begin to: A. occur during sleep stages 2-4 and wakefulness. B. decrease in intensity. C. reverse their sequence of brain activity. D. cause sleep paralysis during waking.

Answer 41

C. reverse their sequence of brain activity.

Question 42

What is narcolepsy? A. Sleepwalking B. The inability to breathe while sleeping C. Involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping D. Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

Answer 42

D. sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

Question 43

``` For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last? A. 10 minutes B. 90 minutes C. 4 hours D. 7 hours ```

Answer 43

B. 90 minutes

Question 44

``` During sleep, what happens in the brain? A. cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons B. increased firing by dopamine neurons C. decreased firing by dopamine neurons D. increased firing by GABA neurons ```

Answer 44

D. increasing firing by GABA neurons

Question 45

``` Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing: A. norepinephrine. B. acetylcholine. C. dopamine. D. serotonin. ```

Answer 45

B. acetylcholine

Question 46

Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep: A. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep. B. includes a lower percentage of REM sleep. C. is characterized by declining body temperature. D. has more slow wave sleep.

Answer 46

A. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep.

Question 47

Drugs that are used to control narcolepsy also tend to produce what other effects? A. uncontrollable hand tremors and facial tics B. increased wakefulness C. reduction of sympathetic arousal D. relief from the symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 47

B. increased wakefulness

Question 48

What is activated by the reticular formation? A. the spinal cord B. only those portions of the cerebral cortex involved in processing sensory information C. only subcortical structures in the brain stem and midbrain D. wide regions of the entire cerebral cortex

Answer 48

D. wide regions of the entire cerebral cortex

Question 49

``` What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality? A. Hypnagogic hallucinations B. Idiopathic hallucinations C. Occipital illusions D. Pseudo-psychedelic visions ```

Answer 49

A. Hypnagogic hallucinations