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B12 > Cells Review (2.1) > Flashcards

Cells Review (2.1) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

Unicellular

No membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

State 3 examples of prokaryotic cells

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Cyanobacteria
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3
Q

Describe the effect of a flattened shape on eukaryotic cell function

A

Increase SA:V ratio

Increase rate of exchange across the plasma membrane

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4
Q

State the 2 major advantages of electron microscopy

A
  • High resolution

- High depth of field

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5
Q

State the 2 major disadvantages of electron microscopy

A
  • Black and white images

- Specimens must be dead

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6
Q

Define cells

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life on Earth

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7
Q

Describe the major catalyst of biochemical/cellular processes

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

Describe fluorescence microscopy

A

Light microscopy technique

Used to examine cells that are naturally/artificially fluorescent

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9
Q

Describe the function of the SER

A

Synthesis of lipids

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10
Q

Describe genophore

A

Single, circular DNA chromosome of prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

Describe the function of vacuoles

A
  • Storage

- Cell structure maintenance

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12
Q

State um-mm conversion

A

1000um=1mm

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13
Q

State the 2 major types of light microscopy

A
  1. Fluorescence

2. Confocal

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14
Q

Describe how the total magnification of a microscope is determined

A

Objective x eyepiece

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15
Q

Describe transmission electron microscopy

A

Electron travels through ultrathin section of specimen

Fine structural details observed

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16
Q

Describe the 2 major types of electron microscopy techniques

A
  1. Transmission

2. Scanning

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17
Q

Define organelle

A

Specialised cellular structure

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18
Q

Describe eukaryotic cell

A

Characterised by membrane-bound organelles

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19
Q

State 4 examples of eukaryotes

A
  • Plant
  • Animal
  • Fungi
  • Protista
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20
Q

State the term used to describe the small hair like projections of prokaryotes

A

Pili

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21
Q

Describe the role of flagella in prokaryotes

A

Enable mobility

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22
Q

Describe the role of the capsule in prokaryotes

A

Protect some prokaryotes from damage and dehydration

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23
Q

State the 4 common features of all cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes
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24
Q

State the point where chromosomal DNA is attached to the plasma membrane

A

Origin

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25
Q

State the 6 kingdoms of classification

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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26
Q

Describe the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis

A

Translate messenger RNA into protein

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27
Q

State the 3 domains of classification

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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28
Q

Describe biogenesis

A

All cells arise from pre-existing cells

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29
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

Directs cell activities

Contains genetic material involved in protein synthesis

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30
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes and packages proteins into vesicles for cell export

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31
Q

Compare and contrast bacteria and archaea (Provide 3 similarities and differences)

A
  • Murein present in bacterial cell wall
  • Archaea undergo methanogenesis
  • Bacteria most ancient (archaea evolved from eukaryotes)
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32
Q

Describe the function of plastids (other than chloroplasts)

A

Synthesis and storage of organic compounds

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33
Q

State specialised pili that can attach to surfaces

A

Fimbriae

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34
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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35
Q

Define Protista

A

Mostly single celled organisms with plant, animal, fungi characteristics

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36
Q

Provide 1 example of a protista

A

Protozoan known as plasmodium

responsible for malaria in humans

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37
Q

Describe the function of mitochondrion

A

Release energy from organic compounds

cellular respiration

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38
Q

State 3 ways SA:V ratio of the cell can be increased

A
  • Cell compartmentalisation
  • Flattened shape
  • Plasma membrane extensions
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39
Q

Describe the function of peroxisomes

A

Metabolic reactions

Oxidation of harmful materials

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40
Q

Describe the position of the cell wall in eukaryotes

A

External

Surrounds plasma membrane

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41
Q

State plant/animal presence of the cell wall

A

Plants: Y
Animals: N

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42
Q

Define nucleus

A

Double-membrane bound organelle
Contains DNA
Directs cell activities

43
Q

State plant/animal presence of the nucleus

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

44
Q

Define vacuoles

A

Membrane bound organelles

Involved in storage and cell structure maintenance

45
Q

State plant/animal presence of vacuoles

A

Plants: Y
Animals: small

46
Q

State 3 uses of biomolecules

A
  • Cell export
  • Organelle creation
  • Repair
47
Q

Define nucleolus

A

Made up of proteins and RNA

Responsible for the formation of incomplete ribosomes

48
Q

State plant/animal presence of the nucleolus

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

49
Q

Describe enzymes

A

Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst

50
Q

Describe cisternae

A

Network of membraneous sacs

Flattened membrane disks of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

51
Q

State what some prokaryotic cells contain as ‘additional’ genetic material

A

Rings of double stranded DNA called ‘plasmids’

52
Q

Define SER

A

Membrane-bound organelle
Network of cisternae
Lipid synthesis

53
Q

State plant/animal presence of the SER

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

54
Q

Define chloroplast

A

Double membrane bound organelle
Contains DNA
Uses light energy, CO2 and H2O to produce glucose
(photosynthesis)

55
Q

State plant/animal presence of chloroplasts

A

Plants: Y
Animals: N

56
Q

Describe the function of the RER

A

Synthesis and processing of proteins

57
Q

Define plastids

A

Double membrane bound organelles
Contains DNA
Synthesis and storage of diverse organic compounds

58
Q

State plant/animal presence of plastids

A

Plants: Y
Animals: N

59
Q

Define mitochondrion

A

Double membrane bound organelle
Contains DNA
Release energy from organic compounds
(Cellular respiration)

60
Q

State plant/animal presence of mitochondrion

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

61
Q

Define lysosome

A

Membrane bound organelle
Vesicle containing digestive enzymes
Digest waste and foreign material

62
Q

State plant/animal presence of lysosomes

A

Plants: N
Animals: Y

63
Q

Describe gram-negative bacteria

A

Thin layer of murien that doesn’t absorb stains

Appears ‘pink’ - negative

64
Q

Provide 1 example of gram-negative bacteria

A

Cyanobacteria

65
Q

Describe the function of the cytoskeleton

A

Internal support

Transport network

66
Q

Describe gram-positive bacteria

A

Thick layer of murien that absorbs and holds stains

Appears ‘purple’ - positive

67
Q

Define Golgi Apparatus

A

Membrane bound organelle

Further processes and packages proteins into vesicles for cell export

68
Q

State plant/animal presence of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

69
Q

Describe the function of RER-bound ribosomes

A

Synthesis proteins for cell export

70
Q

State the major advantage of light microscopy

A

Used to show living cells in colour

71
Q

Describe the function of the cell wall

A

Structural support

Protection

72
Q

Describe the function of the centriole

A

Cell division

Formation of cellular structures

73
Q

State 2 types of cell classifications

A
  • Prokaryotic

- Eukaryotic

74
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts

A

Use light energy, CO2 and H2O to produce glucose

photosynthesis

75
Q

State the region where genetic material is contained within prokaryotes

A

Nucleoid

76
Q

State what substances compose the prokaryotic bacterial cell wall

A

Murein and protein

77
Q

State the more complex term used to reference ‘murein’

A

Peptidoglycan

78
Q

Describe the function of cilia and flagella

A

Mobility

79
Q

State the part of some prokaryotes that protects the cell from damage and dehydration

A

Capsule

80
Q

Describe cell compartmentalisation within eukaryotic cells and a major condition it allows for

A

Internal compartments separated by membranes to allow for the generation of optimal conditions

81
Q

Describe the effect of cell compartmentalisation on eukaryotic cell size

A

Eukaryotic cells can be larger than prokaryotes as:

  • Higher SA:V ratio
  • Increased space for enzymes to function
82
Q

Define RER

A

Membrane bound organelle
Ribosomes bound to membrane
Synthesis of proteins

83
Q

State plant/animal presence of RER

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

84
Q

Define ribosome

A

Organelle
Involved in protein synthesis
Free in cytoplasm/attached to RER

85
Q

State composition of ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA and protein

86
Q

State plant/animal presence of ribosomes

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

87
Q

Describe the effect of plasma membrane extensions on eukaryotic cell function

A

Increases SA:V ratio

Enhances opportunity for the absorption and secretion of substances

88
Q

Describe the function of the lysosome

A

Digest waste and foreign material

89
Q

State what the activity of cells requires

A

Energy

90
Q

Describe the 3 major ideas of the cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells and their related products
  2. All cells come from pre-existing cells
  3. The cell is the basic organisation unit of living things
91
Q

Describe scanning electron microscopy

A

Electrons bounced off specimen which is coated in a layer of gold
Internal details can’t be observed

92
Q

Describe confocal microscopy

A

Light microscopy technique
‘Optical sections’ of cell or tissue are obtained (without sectioning or slicing)
Produces 3D structural views

93
Q

Define centriole

A

Small structure composed of microtubules

Involved in cell division and cell structure formation

94
Q

State plant/animal presence of centrioles

A

Plants: -
Animals: Y

95
Q

State what substances compose the fungi cell wall

A

Chitin

96
Q

State what substance composes the plant cell wall

A

Cellulose

97
Q

Define peroxisomes

A

Double membrane bound organelles

Metabolic reactions including oxidation of harmful materials

98
Q

State plant/animal presence of peroxisomes

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

99
Q

Describe the function of pili

A

Transfer of DNA between organisms which can also help generate movement

100
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton

A

3D internal support

Fills cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

101
Q

State plant/animal presence of the cytoskeleton

A

Plants: Y
Animals: Y

102
Q

Describe genetic material of prokaryotes

A

Single, circular DNA chromosome

103
Q

Is DNA found in the nucleolus of cells?

A

No

104
Q

State what is found in the nucleolus of cells

A

Region concerned with production and assembly of ribosomes

B12 (41 decks)

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