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B12 > Adaptive Immunity (7.3) > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity (7.3) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

Immune response that is specific to a particular antigen

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2
Q

State the 2 distinguishing features of the adaptive immune response

A
  1. specificity

2. immunological memory

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3
Q

Describe specificity as a distinguishing feature of the adaptive immune response

A

Ability to recognise and respond exclusively to specific antigens

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4
Q

Describe immunological memory as a distinguishing feature of the adaptive immune response

A

Ability of cells of the adaptive immune system to ‘remember’ antigens after primary exposure

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5
Q

State what may occur as a result of immunological memory in the adaptive immune response if the ‘same’ pathogen is encountered again

A

Easily mount a large and rapid response to antigen

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6
Q

Provide the name of the cells most crucial to the adaptive immune response

A

Lymphocytes

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7
Q

State what each lymphocyte has for each antigen

A

Different receptor

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8
Q

State whether or not lymphocytes are able to undergo proliferation

A

Yes.

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9
Q

State the 2 classifications of lymphocytes

A
  1. B lymphocytes

2. T lymphocytes

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10
Q

State whether or not lymphocytes can undergo clonal selection

A

Yes.

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11
Q

State the 2 classifications of lymphocytes

A
  1. B lymphocytes

2. T lymphocytes

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12
Q

State where B lymphocytes develop

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

State where T lymphocytes develop

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

State where B lymphocytes complete their maturation

A

Peripheral lymphoid organs and tissues

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15
Q

State where T lymphocytes differentiate

A

Thymus

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16
Q

Describe cell-mediated immunity

A

Immune response that is mediated by T lymphocytes

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17
Q

State what cell has a heavy involvement in humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes

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18
Q

State what B lymphocytes produce throughout the humoral immune response

A

Specific antibodies against foreign antigens

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19
Q

State where B lymphocytes release antibodies throughout the humoral immune response

A

Blood and lymphatic vessels

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20
Q

Provide an alternative term for bodily fluids

A

Humoral

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21
Q

Describe differentiation

A

Modification of the structure and function of a cell that occurs during its’ development

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22
Q

State approximately how many B lymphocytes may be circling through the blood of a human being

A

Billions

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23
Q

Provide the term used to describe mature lymphocytes that have not been activated by an antigen

A

Naive

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24
Q

Describe naive

A

Mature lymphocytes that have not been activated by an antigen

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25
Q

State what occurs when a B lymphocyte meets and binds to a specific antigen

A

B lymphocyte is triggered/activated

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26
Q

State what occurs when a B lymphocyte is activated in the humoral immune response

A

B cell differentiates and proliferates

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27
Q

State what cytokines released by helper T lymphocytes are important for

A

Activation of B lymphocytes

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28
Q

State the 2 types of daughter cells differentiated into by activated B lymphocytes

A
  • plasma cells

- memory B lymphocytes

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29
Q

State in what part of the body memory B lymphocytes remain in for long periods of time

A

Lymphoid tissue

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30
Q

State whether or not memory B lymphocytes can remain in lymphoid tissue for an animal’s lifetime

A

Yes

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31
Q

State what memory B lymphocytes are responsible for

A

Immunity following infection or vaccination

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32
Q

State whether or not memory B lymphocytes can divide

A

Yes.

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33
Q

State what cells memory B lymphocytes can give rise to if secondary exposure to a specific antigen occurs

A

Plasma cells

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34
Q

State what plasma cells are responsible for

A

Producing and secreting antibodies for immune protection

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35
Q

State how helper T lymphocytes can activate B lymphocytes

A

Cytokines

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36
Q

State what cells are responsible for the production of immunoglobulins

A

B lymphocytes

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37
Q

State where immunoglobulins produced by B lymphocytes are released

A

Blood and lymph

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38
Q

State what the basic unit of an antibody molecule is

A

Y-shaped protein

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39
Q

State what antibody molecules are composed of

A
  • two long heavy chains

- two short light chains

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40
Q

Provide a term to describe the amino acid sequences that form of the top of the ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody

A

Variable regions

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41
Q

State what allows antibodies to bind to different antigens

A

Variation of antibody variable regions

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42
Q

State what binds to identical antigen-binding sites

A

Identical antigens

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43
Q

State what the single ‘stem’ of the Y-shaped antibody is

A

Conserved sequence in all antibodies

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44
Q

Provide a term to describe the single ‘stem’ of the Y-shaped antibody

A

Constant region

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45
Q

State what both the heavy and light chains of an antibody have

A
  • variable region

- constant region

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46
Q

State what naturally-produced antibodies consist of

A

Two identical variable regions

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47
Q

State what the constant region of an antigen is capable of

A

Binding to and initiating other immune components

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48
Q

State the 3 ways in which antibodies can act

A
  1. monomers
  2. dimers
  3. pentameters
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49
Q

State the 5 main classes of antibody molecules

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgM
  3. IgA
  4. IgD
  5. IgE
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50
Q

State whether or not antibodies directly destroy pathogens

A

No

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51
Q

State the 4 major functions of antibodies

A
  1. neutralisation of bacterial toxins
  2. neutralisation of pathogens
  3. agglutination
  4. precipitation
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52
Q

Describe the neutralisation of bacterial toxins of antibodies

A

Antibodies bind to bacterial toxins and block the action of toxins

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53
Q

Describe the neutralisation of pathogens of antibodies

A

Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogen surface required for entry into host cells to prevent pathogen invasion of host cells

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54
Q

Describe the agglutination of antibodies

A

Antibodies bind to antigens on cell surface, forming antigen-antibody complexes which activate phagocytes and the complement cascade resulting in cell destruction

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55
Q

Describe the precipitation of antibodies

A

Antibodies bind to soluble antigens, causing them to become insoluble and precipitate out of a solution

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56
Q

State what the antigen-antibody complex activates

A
  • complement proteins
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57
Q

State 3 ways the the antigen-antibody complex inactivates antigens

A
  • neutralisation
  • agglutination
  • precipitation
58
Q

State what agglutination enhances

A

Phagocytosis

59
Q

State what neutralisation enhances

A

Phagocytosis

60
Q

State what precipitation enhances

A

Phagocytosis

61
Q

State what the complement protein enhances

A

Phagocytosis and inflammation

62
Q

State what cells are primarily involved in humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes

63
Q

State what cells are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

64
Q

State what cell-mediated immunity is mediated by

A

TCR

65
Q

State what TCR represnts

A

T cell receptors

66
Q

State what T lymphocytes can be classified as depending on their function

A
  • helper
  • cytotoxic
  • memory
67
Q

Describe the role of helper T lymphocytes in the cell-mediated immune response

A
  • secrete cytokines
  • activate macrophages
  • activate B lymphocytes
68
Q

State what the secretion of cytokines by helper T lymphocytes in the cell-mediated immune response results in

A

Inflammation

69
Q

State what occurs to the B lymphocytes activated by helper T lymphocytes in the cell-mediated immune response

A

Become antibody-secreting plasma cells or memory B lymphocytes

70
Q

Describe the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the cell-mediated immune response

A
  • recognise
  • kill
    foreign, infected or abnormal host cells by releasing toxic compounds
71
Q

Describe when memory T lymphocytes are produced in the cell-mediated immune response

A

Produced after helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been activated during an infection

72
Q

State what cytotoxic T lymphocytes and helper T lymphocytes differentiate into once activated

A

Antigen-specific memory T lymphocytes

73
Q

State whether or not the memory T lymphocytes persist after the infection is resolved

A

Yes.

74
Q

State why memory T lymphocytes persist after an infection has been resolved

A

To ensure prompt response should the same pathogen reinfect the organism

75
Q

State what TCRs are central to

A

Function of T lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response

76
Q

State what TCRs are composed of

A

Two polypeptide chains

77
Q

State whether or not TCRs have a variable and constant region

A

Yes.

78
Q

State how many antigen binding sites TCRs have

A

One

79
Q

State whether or not TCRs bind to antigens on pathogens

A

No

80
Q

State to what TCRs bind

A

Fragments of antigens that are displayed or presented on APC surfaces

81
Q

State what the binding of TCRs to APCs triggers

A

Signal transduction in the T lymphocyte

82
Q

State what signal transduction in the T lymphocyte triggered by TCR and APC binding results in

A
  • proliferation
  • cytokine release
  • activation of cytotoxic function
83
Q

State what T lymphocytes check

A

Antigens of cells they come in contact with

84
Q

State what all nucleated cells have

A

MHCI molecules

85
Q

State to what the antigens presented by surface proteins of nucleated cells are presented

A

MHC-I molecules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

86
Q

State what occurs when an APC engulfs a pathogen

A

Antigens of the pathogen are broken into smaller peptides

87
Q

State what occur to antigen fragments produced by APC breakdown

A

Bind to MHC-II molecules inside the cell

88
Q

State where the antigen-MHC-II complexes move to after binding

A

Cell surface

89
Q

State to what cells antigen-MHC-II complexes present to after moving to the cell surface

A

Helper T lymphocytes

90
Q

State what the TCRs on the helper T lymphocytes recognise

A

Antigen-MHC-II complex

91
Q

State what signal transduction in the helper T lymphocyte leads to for the involved APC

A

Activation

92
Q

State what occurs after initial exposure in the primary immune response

A

B and T lymphocytes form B and T memory lymphocytes

93
Q

Provide the antibody that are predominately involved in the primary immune response

A

IgM

94
Q

State what occurs much faster in the secondary immune response

A

Lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production

95
Q

Provide the antibody that are predominately involved in the secondary immune response

A

IgG

96
Q

Provide the antibody that are predominately involved in the secondary immune response

A

IgG

97
Q

Describe the location of IgG antibodies

A
  • blood

- lymph/extracellular fluid

98
Q

Describe the function of IgG antibodies

A
  • agglutination

- complement activation

99
Q

Describe the location of IgM antibodies

A
  • blood

- lymph

100
Q

Describe the function of IgM antibodies

A
  • agglutination

- complement activation

101
Q

Describe the function of IgA antibodies

A
  • mucosal immunity
102
Q

Describe the location of IgA antibodies

A
  • secretions (e.g. tears, saliva, milk)
103
Q

Describe the location of IgD antibodies

A
  • blood
  • lymph
    (largely present on B lymphocyte surfaces)
104
Q

Describe the function of IgD antibodies

A
  • possibly regulating innate immune response

function largely unknown

105
Q

Describe the location of IgE antibodies

A
  • blood
  • lymph
    (attached to mast cells)
106
Q

Describe the function of IgE antibodies

A
  • allergic reactions
107
Q

Describe the structure of IgG antibodies

A

Monomers

108
Q

Describe the structure of IgM antibodies

A

Pentamers

109
Q

Describe the structure of IgA antibodies

A

Dimers

110
Q

Describe the structure of IgD antibodies

A

Monomers

111
Q

Describe the structure of IgE antibodies

A

Monomers

112
Q

State where B lymphocytes commence differentiation

A

Peripheral lymphoid organs and tissues

113
Q

State the major site of final B lymphocyte maturation

A

Spleen

114
Q

Describe plasma cells

A

Activated B lymphocytes that produce large quantities of the same type of antibody

115
Q

State what receptor helper T cells express

A

CD4

116
Q

State what receptor cytotoxic T cells express

A

CD8

117
Q

State what receptor T regulatory cells express

A

CD4 & CD25

118
Q

State the role of T regulatory cells

A

Distinguish between self and non-self

119
Q

State what cells MHCI receptor are found upon

A

All normal self cells

120
Q

State at alternative name for TLR receptor

A

T cell receptor (TCR)

121
Q

State to what TCR/TLRs bind to on APC

A

MHCII

122
Q

State whether or not non-phagocytic leukocytes have MHCII markers

A

No.

123
Q

State why non-phagocytic leukocytes do not have MHCII markers

A

These cells do not present fragments of antigens

124
Q

State what receptors are expressed by T cells

A

TCR and either CD4 or CD8 (but not both)

125
Q

State the role of TCR

A

Recognise MHCI or MHCII

126
Q

Describe MHC

A

Gene region that codes for MHC proteins

127
Q

State to what cells MHCI communicate

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

128
Q

State what MHCI proteins present

A
  • self-antigens

- proteins produced intracellularly (such as antigens produced by virus-infected cells)

129
Q

State what occurs if a cytotoxic T lymphocyte reacts to an antigen being presented by MHCI markers

A

Becomes activated and releases toxic peptides that damage and target the cell membrane - inducing apoptosis

130
Q

State upon what cells MHCII are present

A

APC

131
Q

State what MHCII presents

A

Antigens that originated extracellularly and have been processed by phagocytosis

132
Q

State to what cells MHCII primarily communicate

A

Helper T lymphocytes

133
Q

State what occurs if a helper T lymphocyte reacts to an antigen being presented by MHCII markers

A

Cytokine secretion attracting immune cells to infection site

134
Q

State what the shape of antibodies released by plasma cells mirrors

A

B Cell Receptor

135
Q

State what the presence of foreign antigens initiates the production of

A

Antibodies by plasma cells

136
Q

State what an activated cytotoxic T cells will do if it encounters a body cell presenting the antigen that it is specific for

A

Signals to the cell to undergo apoptosis

137
Q

Describe humoral immunity

A

Immune response involving B lymphocytes that produce specific antibodies against foreign antigens

138
Q

Provide the names of the defensive molecules involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses

A
  • complement proteins

- cytokines

139
Q

State the two classification of cytokines as defensive molecules in both the innate and adaptive immune responses

A
  • interferons

- chemokines

140
Q

Describe B lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that produce large quantities of antibodies when stimulated

141
Q

Describe T lymphocytes

A

Lymphocyte that is responsible for the cell-mediated immune response

B12 (41 decks)

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