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B12 > Innate Immunity (7.2) > Flashcards

Innate Immunity (7.2) Flashcards

1
Q

State the 2 classifications of immune responses

A
  1. innate

2. adaptive

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2
Q

State whether or not the innate immune response is classified as specific or non-specific

A

Non-specific

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3
Q

State whether or not the adaptive immune response is classified as specific or non-specific

A

Specific

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4
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

Non-specifically protects against a wide variety of pathogens

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5
Q

State the 3 unique types of barriers offered by the innate immune response

A
  1. chemical
  2. physical
  3. microbiological
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6
Q

Provide 1 example of a physical barrier

A

Skin/bark

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7
Q

Provide 1 example of a chemical barrier

A

Lysozyme enzymes in salivia

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8
Q

Provide 1 example of a microbiological barrier

A

Microflora

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9
Q

Describe lysozyme enzymes

A

Antibacterial enzyme present in body secretion that disrupts the bacterial cell wall

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10
Q

Describe microflora

A

Microorganisms that colonise particular sites

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11
Q

Provide 4 examples of physical barriers of defence in plants

A
  1. thick cuticles on cell wall
  2. thick layer of bark
  3. closing of stomata
  4. vertical leaf orientation
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12
Q

Provide 3 examples of physical barriers of defence in animals

A
  1. epithelial cells (keratinised skin)
  2. mucus-secreting membranes
  3. cilia
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13
Q

Provide 3 examples of chemical barriers of defence in plants

A
  1. saponin (wheat)
  2. citronella (lemongrass)
  3. chitinases (barley, tomato, banana)
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14
Q

Provide 5 examples of chemical barriers of defence in animals

A
  1. lysosome enzymes/toxic metabolites (tears, sweat, salivia)
  2. acidic secretions (vagina)
  3. stomach acid
  4. digestive enzymes
  5. proteins that act as surfactants (lungs)
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15
Q

Describe stomata

A

Pore structure bordered by two guard cells found in plants

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16
Q

Describe cuticle (in plants)

A

Protective film covering the epidermis of leaves

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17
Q

Describe metabolites

A

Intermediate products of metabolic reactions catalyzed by enzymes within cells

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18
Q

Describe surfactants

A

Substances that lower surface tension of certain fluids that are also antimicrobial

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19
Q

Describe the role of vertical leaf position in innate immunity

A

Water is unable to collect on leaves and pathogens that rely on water for motility cannot invade plant cells

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20
Q

Describe the role of mucus-secreting membranes in innate immunity

A

Trap invading organisms in mucus

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21
Q

Describe the role of membranes lined with cilia in innate immunity

A

Sweep foreign bodies that line the airway away

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22
Q

Describe the role of surfactants in innate immunity

A

Lower the surface tension of lung fluids and prevent alveoli collapse

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23
Q

Provide a possible reason as to why pathogens can be more easily eliminated by macrophages as a result of surfactant presence

A

Surfactants coat the pathogens making it easier for macrophages to engulf them due to lower surface tension

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24
Q

Describe macrophages

A

Large white blood cell that is responsible for engulfing and digesting foreign matter in the body

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25
Q

Provide an alternative term to describe non-pathogenic bacteria

A

Normal flora

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26
Q

State 6 possible locations of non-pathogenic bacteria in the human body

A
  1. skin
  2. mouth
  3. nose
  4. throat
  5. lower part of the gastrointestinal tract
  6. urogenital tract
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27
Q

State what the presence of normal flora prevents

A

Growth and colonisation of other bacteria

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28
Q

State what the effects of antibiotics can be on the presence of normal flora

A

Disrupt normal flora (as antibiotics does not discriminate against beneficial and harmful bacteria)

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29
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism the cell wall is employed

A

Physical barrier in plants

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30
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism bark is employed

A

Physical barrier in plants

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31
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism the closing of stomata is employed

A

Physical barrier in plants

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32
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism the positioning of leaves is employed

A

Physical barrier in plants

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33
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism a physical barrier of epithelial cells is employed

A

Physical barrier in animals

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34
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism a mucus-secreting membrane is employed

A

Physical barrier in animals

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35
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism a membrane with cilia is employed

A

Physical barrier in animals

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36
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism the use of lysosomal enzymes and toxic metabolites are employed

A

Chemical barrier in animals

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37
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism stomach acid and digestive enzymes are employed

A

Chemical barrier in animals

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38
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism surfactants are employed

A

Chemical barrier in animals

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39
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism acidic secretion are employed

A

Chemical barrier in animals

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40
Q

State what kind of defence and in what organism non-pathogenic bacteria are employed

A

Microbiological barrier in animals

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41
Q

Describe the role of non-pathogenic bacteria in innate immunity

A

Normal flora produced chemicals that reduce pH of the micro environment and prevent pathogenic growth

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42
Q

State whether or not the innate immune response is found in all organisms

A

Yes.

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43
Q

State 5 characteristics of the innate immune response in vertebrates

A
  1. non-specific
  2. rapid
  3. present in all animals
  4. fixed responses
  5. no immunological memory of infection-causing pathogen
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44
Q

Describe leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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45
Q

Describe white blood cells

A

Immune cells that are present in blood and other tissues

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46
Q

State the specific molecules found on the surface of white blood cells

A

Pattern recognition molecules

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47
Q

Provide a term to describe the ‘pattern recognition molecules’ on the surface of white blood cells

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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48
Q

State what TLRs can recognise

A

Different PAMPs

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49
Q

Describe PAMPs

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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50
Q

State whether or not PAMPs are microbial

A

Yes.

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51
Q

State whether or not all TLRs are capable of recognising all PAMPs

A

No. Different TLRs recognise different PAMPs.

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52
Q

Describe the specificity of PAMPs to pathogens

A

PAMPs are common to many pathogens

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53
Q

Explain the specificity of the innate immune response to PAMPs

A

Innate immune response is not specific as PAMPs are common to a range of pathogens

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54
Q

Describe phagocytes

A

Leukocytes capable of engulfing pathogens or foreign particles to destroy them

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55
Q

State whether or not phagocytes can be classified as leukocytes

A

Phagocytes are leukocytes

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56
Q

State 4 types of phagocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. macrophages
  3. monocytes
  4. dendritic cells
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57
Q

State what TLRs on a phagocyte interact with

A

Microbe’s PAMPs

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58
Q

State what phagocytic TLR and microbial PAMP interaction results in

A

Signal transduction

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59
Q

State what signal transduction stimulated by interactions between phagocytic TLR and microbial PAMP results in

A

Phagocytosis of microbe

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60
Q

Describe APCs

A

Cell that uses MHC-II on its surface to present foreign antigens to helper T lymphocytes to elicit adaptive immune responses

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61
Q

State what APC stands for

A

Antigen-presenting cell

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62
Q

Describe antigen

A

A substance that reacts with antibodies and T lymphocyte receptors

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63
Q

Describe helper T lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that bind to antigen-MHC II complexes on antigen-presenting cells and active B lymphocytes to secrete antibodies

64
Q

State what occurs when APCs phagocytose a pathogen

A

Fragments of digested antigens are linked to MHC-I proteins and displayed on the membrane surface

65
Q

State the 2 classes of MHC proteins

A
  1. MHC-1 (class 1)

2. MHC-2 (class 2)

66
Q

State the common location of MHC-I proteins

A

Nucleated cells

67
Q

State what MHC-I proteins often present

A

Peptide antigens derived from the proteins of pathogens in the cytoplasm of non-phagocytic cells

68
Q

State to what cells MHC-I proteins present peptide antigens to

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

69
Q

Describe cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

T lymphocyte stimulated by cytokines that bind to antigen MHC-I complexes on infected host cells and release cytotoxic compounds destroying infected cells

70
Q

Describe what the absence of MHC-I proteins allows

A

NK cells to identify and destroy non-self cell (included cells that have been infected/damaged)

71
Q

Describe whether or not MHC-II proteins can be expressed on all cells

A

Conditionally

72
Q

State the common location of MHC-II proteins

A

Surface of APCs

73
Q

State what the presence of antigens on MHC-II proteins activates

A

Helper T lymphocytes

74
Q

State the 6 stages of phagocytosis and antigen presentation in an APC

A
  1. engulfment foreign material
  2. lysosome and phagosome fusion
  3. enzyme degrade foreign material
  4. foreign material broken down
  5. antigen fragments presented on APC via MHCII
  6. leftover fragments exocytosis
75
Q

Describe how APCs communicate with other immune cells

A

Presenting antigens or fragments of antigens on the cell surface

76
Q

State 8 cells involved in the innate immune response

A
  1. neutrophil
  2. basophil
  3. macrophage
  4. moncyte
  5. eosinophil
  6. mast cell
  7. dendritic cell
  8. NK
77
Q

Describe the primary function of a neutrophil

A
  • phagocytosis
  • release defensins
  • release cytokines
78
Q

Describe granulocyte

A

Leukocyte characterised by the presence of numerous staining granules in the cytoplasm

79
Q

Describe the 2 major classifications of leukocytes

A
  1. granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

80
Q

Compare and contrast granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm and agranulocytes do not (observed light microscopy)

81
Q

Compare and contrast granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm and agranulocytes do not (observed light microscopy)

82
Q

Describe the role of defensin release in the innate immune response

A

Disrupts bacterial and fungal membranes

83
Q

Describe the role of cytokine release in the innate immune response

A

Attract other immune cells and trigger inflammation

84
Q

Describe the primary function of a basophil

A
  • release histamine
85
Q

Describe the role of histamine in the innate immune response

A

Contributes to inflammation and consequently, blood vessel dilation

86
Q

Describe histamine

A

Organic compound involved in the inflammatory response

87
Q

Describe the primary function of a macrophage

A
  • phagocytosis
  • antigen presentation
  • cytokine release
88
Q

Describe the primary function of a eosinophil

A
  • antigen presentation
  • release cytokines and cytotoxic chemicals
  • phagocytosis (limited role)
89
Q

Describe the primary function of a moncyte

A
  • phagocytosis
90
Q

Describe the primary function of a mast cell

A
  • release histamine
91
Q

Describe the primary function of a dendritic cell

A
  • phagocytosis

- antigen presentation

92
Q

Describe the primary function of a NK cell

A
  • recognise virus-infected/cancerous cells
  • release cytotoxic chemicals
  • release cytokines
93
Q

Provide 4 examples of granulocytic leukocytes

A
  1. neutrophil
  2. basophil
  3. eosinophil
  4. mast cell
94
Q

Describe mast cells

A

Immune cell containing granules of histamine

95
Q

State 2 agents that are involved in both the adaptive and innate immune response

A
  1. complement proteins

2. cytokines

96
Q

Describe complement proteins

A

Proteins that are able to kill foreign cells by lysis

97
Q

Describe cytokines

A

Small signalling molecules of the immune system that coordinate many aspects of the immune response

98
Q

State the common location of complement proteins

A

Bodily fluid

99
Q

State in what form complement proteins are often found within bodily fluids

A

Inactive form

100
Q

State in what situation complement proteins are activated

A

Non-specific immune response to certain antigens and carbohydrates on the surfaces of some bacteria and parasites

101
Q

State what the activation of complement proteins results in

A

Enzyme-triggered reaction that leads to lysis of invading pathogens

102
Q

State whether or not complement proteins activated by antigen-antibody complexes are involved in the adaptive immune response

A

Yes

103
Q

Provide a reason why cytokines may be released by body cells

A

Response to cell damage or pathogenic presence

104
Q

State the 5 different types of cytokines

A
  1. interferons
  2. chemokines
  3. interleukins
  4. lymphokines
  5. tumour necrosis factor
105
Q

State the 5 different types of cytokines

A
  1. interferons
  2. chemokines
  3. interleukins
  4. lymphokines
  5. TNF
106
Q

Describe the specificity of interferons

A

Non-specific and can act against any virus

107
Q

State whether or not some viruses can inhibit the production of interferons

A

Yes.

108
Q

Describe chemokines

A

Class of cytokines that act as chemical attractants

109
Q

State the role of chemokines

A

Attract leukocytes to sites of infection/inflammation

110
Q

State the role of interferons

A

Activate infected cells to produce enzymes that break down viral RNA

111
Q

State the role of interferons

A

Activate infected cells to produce enzymes that break down viral RNA

112
Q

Describe interleukins

A

Class of cytokines that are released by cells in response to stimuli

113
Q

Describe lymphokines

A

Class of cytokines that are released by T cells during the immune response to provide intercellular signals

114
Q

State what TNF stands for

A

Tumor necrosis factor

115
Q

Describe TNF

A

Class of cytokines that contributes to inflammation

116
Q

Describe the manner in which interferons function

A

Autocrine

117
Q

Describe autocrine

A

Substance secreted by a cell also has an effect on that cell

118
Q

Describe inflammation

A

Accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins and leukocytes that occurs when tissue is damaged or infected

119
Q

State 5 symptoms of inflammation

A
  1. heat
  2. pain
  3. swelling
  4. redness
  5. loss of function
120
Q

State between what cells/organisms the interaction that causes an inflammatory response occurs

A

Leukocytes and pathogens

121
Q

State between what cells/organisms the interaction that causes an acute inflammatory response occurs

A

Phagocytes and pathogens

122
Q

State the 3 major factors that trigger the inflammatory response

A

Production, activation or release of peptides and proteins

123
Q

State whether or not inflammation can occur as part of the adaptive immune response

A

Yes.

124
Q

Outline the details within each of the 3 major stages of inflammation

A
  1. increased diameter/permeability of blood vessels due to histamine release
  2. phagocyte migration and engulfment via phagocytosis
  3. tissue repair
125
Q

Describe the process of increased diameter and permeability of blood vessels on the inflammatory response

A

Histamine is released which increased vessel dilation and permeability

126
Q

Describe the process of phagocyte migration and phagocytosis in the inflammatory response

A

Phagocytes squeeze between cells of blood vessel walls to reach the damaged area where they destroy invading microbes.

127
Q

Describe the process of tissue repair in the inflammatory response

A

Functioning cells or supporting connective cells create new tissue to replace tissue that is dead/damaged.

128
Q

Outline the effect of increased dilation and permeability of blood vessels in the inflammatory response

A

Allow leukocytes and fluid containing peptides and proteins to enter infected tissue

129
Q

State what must occur before the inflammatory response ceases

A

Pathogen is eliminated and wound heals

130
Q

State what cells are responsible for the release of histamine in the inflammatory response

A

Mast cells

131
Q

State what injured cells release in the inflammatory response

A

Chemokines

132
Q

State what structures release clotting factors at the site of an open wound

A

Platelets

133
Q

Describe the role of platelets in the inflammatory response

A

Release clotting factors at the site of the wound

134
Q

State what causes the production of pus in the inflammatory response

A

Congregation of neutrophils, phagocytosed pathogens and debris

135
Q

Describe fever

A

Increase in body temperature that results when the temperature set point of the hypothalamus is set to a higher level by inflammatory cytokines

136
Q

State what the normal body temperature in humans is classified as

A

37C

137
Q

State when a fever occurs

A

When the body temperature is above normal

138
Q

State what fever results in

A

Slowing of bacterial and viral replication by shifting body temperature away from optimal range

139
Q

State what a moderate increase in temperature may increase

A

Activity and proliferation of leukocytes

140
Q

Provide an alternative term for cytotoxic T cells

A

Killer T cells

141
Q

State whether or not complement proteins can bind to specific antigens on the surface of a bacterium

A

No

142
Q

State whether or not phagocytes can release histamine in response to a bacterial infection

A

No

143
Q

State what the molecules on the surface of cells are that enable cytotoxic and NK cells to distinguish between self and non-self

A

Antigens

144
Q

State whether or not dendritic cells present self-antigens to lymphocytes

A

No

145
Q

State whether or not dendritic cells are involved in the inflammatory response

A

Yes

146
Q

State what part of the body’s defence system responds quickly to the entry of a foreign object

A

Non-specific or innate immune response

147
Q

State why swelling at the site of entry of a foreign object occurs

A

Build up of fluid in the area. The foreign object would have caused damage to cells in the area and these cells would release histamine, causing capillaries to swell and become leaky

148
Q

State how excess fluid in an affected area disappears

A

Fluid drains into lymph vessels and is returned to general circulation

149
Q

State what increases the temperature of an infected area during an inflammatory response

A

Phagocytes would be active, producing heat as a result of collisions between lysosomal enzymes and fragments of the foreign particle

150
Q

State what the redness surrounding an infection site is caused by

A

Histamine increases blood vessel dilation and vascular permeability to increase in redness

151
Q

State the 3 major parts of antibodies

A
  1. light chain
  2. constant region
  3. heavy chain
152
Q

State what the function of the variable region on antibodies is

A

Variety in antigen-binding sites enables the immune system to respond to large numbers of pathogens.

153
Q

State 2 roles of fever in the innate immune response

A
  1. increase leukocyte activity

2. decrease optimal temperature of organism for viruses and bacteria - slowing replication

154
Q

State the 3 major stages of the inflammatory response

A
  1. Vascular stage
  2. Cellular stage
  3. Resolution stage
155
Q

Describe interleukins

A

A class of glycoproteins synthesised by leukocytes which regulate immune responses

156
Q

State whether or not red blood cells have MHCI markers

A

No

B12 (41 decks)

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