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B12 > Signalling Molecules (6.1) > Flashcards

Signalling Molecules (6.1) Flashcards

1
Q

State the 2 types of environments from which multicellular organisms can detect and respond to signals

A
  • internal

- external

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2
Q

Describe response

A

Action or change in functionality of a cell that occurs as a result of a specific stimulus

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3
Q

Describe stimulus

A

Chemical or physical change that activates a receptor molecule in a cell and generates a response

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4
Q

Describe stimulus-response model

A

Explanation of the mechanism by which an organism, organ or cell changes its behavior or physiology as a consequence of changes in its internal or external environment

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5
Q

State 5 different types of stimuli

A
  1. Variations in nature
  2. Changes in pressure
  3. Light
  4. Temperature
  5. Chemical molecules
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6
Q

Describe signalling molecules

A

A molecule involved in chemical communication between cells

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7
Q

State whether or not all cells can detect stimuli

A

Not all cells are capable of detecting stimuli

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8
Q

State whether or not all cells can respond to stimuli

A

Not all cells can respond to stimuli

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9
Q

State where cells that are capable of detecting stimuli can pass detected information to

A

Other cells

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10
Q

State how cells that are capable of detecting stimuli can pass detected information to other cells

A

Signalling molecules

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11
Q

State what cells respond to signalling molecules

A

Effector cells

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12
Q

Describe effector cells

A

A cell that responds to signalling molecules

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13
Q

State whether or not signalling molecules can trigger a response even at very low concentrations

A

Yes. Signalling molecules are able to trigger a response at very low concentrations

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14
Q

State the 2 different environments communication via signalling molecules can occur

A
  1. nearby environments

2. distant environments

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15
Q

State what signalling is a mode of

A

Mode of transmission

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16
Q

Describe autocrine signalling

A

Signalling molecules act on the actual/same type of cell that secreted them

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17
Q

Describe paracrine signalling

A

Signalling molecules act on cells that are close to the secreting cell

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18
Q

Describe endocrine signalling

A

Signalling molecules act on cells that are far from the cell that secretes them

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19
Q

State the 3 modes of transmission of signalling molecules

A
  1. autocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. endocrine
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20
Q

State what signalling molecules can be classified as

A
  1. hydrophobic

2. hydrophilic

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21
Q

State the 5 groups of signalling molecules

A
  1. animal hormones
  2. plant hormones
  3. neurotransmitters
  4. cytokines
  5. pheromones
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22
Q

Describe hormones

A

Signalling molecule produced in tiny amounts that can have relatively long lasting effects on target cells

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23
Q

State what hormones help to regulate

A

Growth and activity of cells in most plants and animals

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24
Q

Describe the endocrine system

A

The animal body system that is responsible for the production of hormones

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25
Q

State what the endocrine system is responsible for coordinating in vertebrates

A

Bodily functions

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26
Q

State what the endocrine system is made up of

A

Many glands and organs within the body

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27
Q

State what the endocrine system is made up of

A

Many glands and organs within the body

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28
Q

What does the endocrine system utilise for the transport of synthesised hormones?

A

Bloodstream

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29
Q

State the 3 major classes of animal hormones

A
  1. Lipid hormones
  2. Peptide and protein hormones
  3. Amino-acid derived hormones
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30
Q

Outline the source of animal hormones

A

Glands and organs

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31
Q

Outline the source of plant hormones

A

Most plant cells

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32
Q

Outline the source of neutrotransmitters

A

Neurons

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33
Q

Outline the source of cytokines

A

Many cells (including immune system cells)

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34
Q

Outline the source of phermones

A

Various cells (dependent on species)

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35
Q

State the modes of transmission of animal hormones

A
  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
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36
Q

State the modes of transmission of plant hormones

A
  • various (including diffusion)
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37
Q

State the modes of transmission of neutrotransmitters

A
  • paracrine
38
Q

State the modes of transmission of cytokines

A
  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
39
Q

State the modes of transmission of pheromones

A
  • diffusion in the external environment
40
Q

Provide more detail of the transmission of animal hormones through the paracrine mode

A

Signal carried through interstitial fluid between cells

41
Q

Provide more detail of the transmission of animal hormones through the endocrine mode

A

Signal carried through blood circulation

42
Q

Provide more detail of the transmission of neutrotransmitters through the paracrine mode

A

Signal carried through exocytosis into the synaptic gap and diffusion across the gap

43
Q

State what group of signalling molecules steroid hormones belong to

A

Animal hormones

44
Q

State what group of signalling molecules peptide hormones belong to

A

Animal hormones

45
Q

State what group of signalling molecules animal acid derived hormones belong to

A

Animal hormones

46
Q

State the 5 major classes of plant hormones

A
  1. abscisic acid
  2. auxins
  3. cytokinins
  4. ethene
  5. gibberellins
47
Q

State what group of signalling molecules abscisic acid hormones belong to

A

Plant hormones

48
Q

State what group of signalling molecules auxins belong to

A

Plant hormones

49
Q

State what group of signalling molecules cytokinins belong to

A

Plant hormones

50
Q

State what group of signalling molecules ethene belongs to

A

Plant hormones

51
Q

State what group of signalling molecules gibberellins belong to

A

Plant hormones

52
Q

State whether steroid hormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic

53
Q

State whether peptide hormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic

54
Q

State whether amino acid derived hormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic or hydrophilic

55
Q

State whether phytohormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic or hydrophilic

56
Q

State whether pheromones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic or hydrophilic

57
Q

State what lipid hormones are derived from

A
  • fatty acids

- cholesterol

58
Q

Provide 1 example of a lipid hormone

A

Cortisol

59
Q

Provide 1 example of a peptide hormone

A

Insulin

60
Q

Provide 1 example of a protein hormone

A

Growth hormone

61
Q

Provide 1 example of an amino-acid derived hormone

A

Adrenaline

62
Q

State the 2 classifications of amino-acid derived hormones

A
  1. catecholamines

2. thyroid hormones

63
Q

State whether catecholamines are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic

64
Q

State whether thyroid hormones are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic

65
Q

State whether or not a single hormone can trigger different responses in multiple target cells at the same time

A

Yes. A single hormone can trigger different responses in multiple target cells at the same time.

66
Q

State what plant hormones can be referred to as

A

Phytohormones

67
Q

State the visible effects of abscisic acid hormone

A

Seed and bud dormancy

68
Q

State the visible effects of auxins

A
  • phototropism

- gravitropism

69
Q

Describe phototropism

A

Shoot tips bend towards the light

70
Q

Describe gravitropism

A

Roots grow downwards

71
Q

State the visible effects of cytokinins

A

Growth of lateral branches

72
Q

State the visible effects of ethene

A
  • fruit sugar content

- fruit and leaf drop

73
Q

State the visible effects of gibberellins

A
  • stem elongation
  • leaf expansion
  • seed germination
  • fruit and flower maturation
74
Q

Describe neutrotransmitters

A

Group of signalling molecules produced by neurons and used to carry a signal across synapses between cells

75
Q

State what cellular responses neutrotransmitters are involved in

A
  • regular hormone production
  • organ function
  • movement
76
Q

Describe synapses

A

Point of communication between two cells where at least one of the cells is a neuron

77
Q

Describe the postsynaptic neuron

A

A neuron to which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft by the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron

78
Q

State 3 possible sources of cytokines

A
  1. macrophages
  2. T lymphocytes
  3. B lymphocytes
79
Q

State what pheromones influence

A

The behaviour and physiology of another individual (usually of the same species)

80
Q

State why multicellular organisms produce signalling molecules

A

Form of intracellular communication

81
Q

Describe cytokines

A

One of a group of peptides and proteins released for signalling between cells of the immune system

82
Q

Describe pheromones

A

Group of signalling molecules that are excreted from the body and diffuse through the air to elicit a response from another individual

83
Q

State what pheromones influence

A

The behaviour and physiology of another individual (usually of the same species)

84
Q

State why multicellular organisms produce signalling molecules

A

Form of intracellular communication

85
Q

Describe abscisic acid

A

A plant hormone involved in many plant develoment processes

86
Q

Describe auxins

A

A plant hormone that stimulates growth.

87
Q

Describe cytokinins

A

A plant growth hormone that promotes cell division/cytokinesis in plant roots and shoots

88
Q

Describe ethene

A

A gaseous plant hormone involved in promoting fruit ripening

89
Q

Describe gibberellins

A

A class of plant hormones that promotes stem elongation and germination

90
Q

Describe abscission

A

The natural detachment of parts of a plant, typically dead leaves and ripe fruit.

91
Q

State whether or not any molecule that causes a response by a cell is considered a signalling molecule

A

Yes.

B12 (41 decks)

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