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B12 > Gene Regulation (3.3) > Flashcards

Gene Regulation (3.3) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe gene regulation

A

Process that controls gene expression, turning genes on or off

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2
Q

Describe gene expression

A

Process that leads to the transformation of the information stored in a gene into a functional gene product

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3
Q

State whether or not gene regulation is tightly controlled in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. True/False.

A

True. Gene regulation is tightly controlled in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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4
Q

Compare and contrast gene regulation in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Gene expression is more complex in eukaryotes and therefore occurs in a greater number of stages than in prokaryotes

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5
Q

Describe gene regulation in eukaryotes

A

Gene expression - transcription, RNA processing and translation
- highly regulated (all stages)

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6
Q

Describe gene regulation in prokaryotes

A

Gene expression - transcription and translation

- regulated during (transcription stage)

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7
Q

Describe constitutive genes

A

Always switched on and are transcribed continually

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8
Q

State two types of gene expression

A
  • induced

- repressed

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9
Q

Describe regulatory genes

A

Genes that code for transcription factors

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10
Q

Describe transcription factors

A

Proteins that control gene expression at the transcription stage

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11
Q

Describe structural genes

A

Genes that code for proteins and RNA that are not involved in gene regulation

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12
Q

Describe the lac Operon

A

Contains genes which code for three proteins involved in the metabolism of lactose in E Coli.

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13
Q

Describe the operon in prokaryotes

A

Unit of DNA under the regulation of a single promoter that codes for several proteins

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14
Q

What can the lac operon be classified as?

A

Inducible operon

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15
Q

Describe an inducible operon

A

Can be switched on/off

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16
Q

State what the lac operon codes for

A

Three structural genes that code for three enzymes

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17
Q

What do the enzymes produced by the lac operon break down?

A

Lactose -> glucose and galactose

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18
Q

Provide a reason why these enzymes are not produced constantly

A

Misuse of energy as these enzymes are only required for the breakdown of lactose

19
Q

State what the lac operon consists of:

A
  1. Promoter
  2. Operator
  3. Three structural genes
20
Q

Describe the operator

A

Binding site of the transcription factor

21
Q

State the three structural genes

A
  1. lacZ
  2. lacY
    3 lacA
22
Q

State what gene is adjacent to the lac Operon

A

lacI

23
Q

Describe what the lacI gene codes for

A

Transcription factor called the lac repressor

24
Q

State whether or not the lac repressor is always present

A

Yes. Always present.

25
Q

Describe the process that occurs in the lac operon model in the presence of lactose

A

Lactose binds to the lac repressor, inhibiting the transcription factors from binding to the operator. This enables RNA polymerase to attach to the promoter in the lac operon and transcribe the the three structural genes.

26
Q

Describe the process that occurs in the lac operon model in the absence of lactose

A

Transcription factors binds to the operator in the lac operon, blocking the RNA polymerase from binding to and transcribing the structural genes in the lac operon,

27
Q

Compare and contrast chromosome number in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A 
Prokaryotes = singule
Eukaryotes = multiple
28
Q

Compare and contrast chromosomal structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A 
Prokaryotes = circular chromosomes
Eukaryotes = linear chromosomes
29
Q

Compare and contrast plasmid presence in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A 
Prokaryotes = contain plasmids
Eukaryotes = no plasmids (however have mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA)
30
Q

Compare and contrast gene arrangement in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A 
Prokaryotes = genes cluster in operon regions
Eukaryotes = gene do not cluster in operon regions
31
Q

Describe nucleosome

A

The basic structural unit of chromatin, and is made up of a coil of DNA wound around a histone core

32
Q

Describe histone

A

Water-soluble protein in nucleus which DNA tightly coils around to form the nucleosome

33
Q

Describe chromatin

A

Complex of nucleic acids which condense to form a chromosome during cell division

34
Q

Describe what structure binds to the lac repressor in the lac operon model

A

Allolactose

35
Q

Describe gene induction

A

The increase in gene expression due to the presence of an inducer molecule

36
Q

Describe gene repression

A

The decrease in gene expression due to the activity of a repressor molecule

37
Q

Describe operator

A

A DNA sequence that acts as an on-off switch when interacting with a repressor molecule

38
Q

Describe operon

A

Section of prokaryotic DNA consisting of a cluster of related structural genes, a promoter and operator

39
Q

Describe promoter

A

DNA sequence that marks the binding site of RNA polymerase

40
Q

Describe regulatory gene

A

Gene involved in substance production which regulates gene expression

41
Q

Describe structural gene

A

A gene coding for the production of a specific protein involved in regulation

42
Q

Describe TATA box

A

A highly conserved region of the promoter to which the first transcription factor binds prior to transcription

43
Q

Describe transcription factors

A

Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA sequences to control transcription

44
Q

Compare and contrast structural and regulatory genes

A

Structural genes code for proteins required for cell structure or function whereas regulatory genes code for proteins that turn other genes on or off.

B12 (41 decks)

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