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B12 > Immunity (8.1) > Flashcards

Immunity (8.1) Flashcards

1
Q

State the 2 classifications of immunity

A
  1. passive

2. active

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2
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

Protection provided to an individual by the transfer of antibodies produced by another organism

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3
Q

Describe active immunity

A

Protection provided by an individual’s own adaptive immune response

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4
Q

Describe the time it takes to develop active immunity

A

Weeks

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5
Q

Describe the time it takes to develop passive immunity

A

Immediate

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6
Q

State whether or not active immunity can provide immunological memory that can last for a lifetime

A

Yes

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7
Q

State whether or not passive immunity can provide immunological memory that can last for a liftime

A

No. Passive immunity last for a limited time

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8
Q

State whether or not passive immunity involves immunological memory

A

No

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9
Q

State whether or not active immunity involves immunological memory

A

Yes

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10
Q

State where the adaptive immune response producing antibodies occurs for active immunity

A

In individual

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11
Q

State where the adaptive immune response for the antibody occurs for passive immunity

A

In another organism

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12
Q

State how immunity can be maintained for active immunity

A

Stimulating memory cells i.e. with booster vaccinations

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13
Q

State how immunity can be maintained for passive immunity

A

Immunity cannot be maintained

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14
Q

Describe natural passive immunity

A

Involves the passive transfer of antibodies from mother to foetus through the placenta prior to birth and through breastfeeding

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15
Q

State for how long maternal antibodies provide protection for the infant

A

Week to months

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16
Q

Describe active passive immunity

A

Involves an individual receiving antibodies produced by another organism

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17
Q

State how active passive immunity is often administered

A

Injection of antiserum

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18
Q

Describe antiserum

A

A serum that contains specific antibodies

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19
Q

Describe serum

A

Fluid portion of blood that remains after blood cells and material involved in blood clotting has been removed

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20
Q

State how antibodies introduced via artificial passive immunity inhibit pathogenic damage

A

Introduced antibodies bind to antigens on the pathogen to form an antigen-antibody complex

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21
Q

State whether or not artificial passive immunity is a useful means of treating infection by a pathogen

A

Yes

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22
Q

State whether or not natural passive immunity is a useful means of treating infection by a pathogen

A

No

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23
Q

State whether or not artificial passive immunity is a useful means of treating a venomous bite/sting

A

Yes

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24
Q

State whether or not natural passive immunity is a useful means of treating a venomous bite/sting

A

No

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25
Q

Describe haemolytic disease

A

A condition in which red blood cells are abnormally broken down and removed from circulation

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26
Q

Describe natural active immunity

A

Immunity that develops from the adaptive immune response to a natural infection

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27
Q

State whether or not immunological memory results from a natural active immune response

A

Yes

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28
Q

Describe artificial active immunity

A

Immunity that results from the administration of antigens to induce an adaptive immune response

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29
Q

State what the artificial technique of inducing an adaptive immune response to produce active immunity is referred to as

A

Vaccination

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30
Q

Describe vaccination

A

Technique of artificially inducing an adaptive immune response by administering a vaccine

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31
Q

State what form the antigens are in a vaccine

A

Inactivated

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32
Q

State whether the primary or secondary response in natural active immunity is stronger

A

Secondary

33
Q

State what can be induced by the administration of a vaccine

A

Artificial active immunity

34
Q

State whether or not vaccines must be highly specific to initiate an adaptive immune resposnse

A

Yes.

35
Q

State what allows immunological memory to be retained post vaccination

A

Vaccine specificity

36
Q

State the 3 types of possible vaccinations

A
  1. live attenuated
  2. inactivated
  3. subunit
37
Q

Describe live attenuated vaccines

A

Involve a living microbe that has been weakened in the lab

38
Q

State the common process used to weaken living microbes used in vaccines

A

Repeated culturing

39
Q

State what the advantages of live attenuated vaccines are

A
  • long lasting immunity

- strong adaptive immune response produces many types of antibodies

40
Q

State what the disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines are

A
  • may cause disease in those with weakened immune systems

- may cross placenta and cause damage to developing foetus

41
Q

State whether live attenuated vaccines are more common for viruses or bacteria

A

Viruses

42
Q

State why live attenuated vaccines are more common for viruses

A

Bacteria have thousands of genes and are consequently difficult to control

43
Q

Provide 2 examples of attenuated vaccines

A

Those against:

  • measles
  • mumps
  • rubella
  • polio
44
Q

Describe inactivated vaccines

A

Involve microbes that have been inactivated

45
Q

Provide an alternative term to describe inactivated vaccines

A

Killed vaccines

46
Q

State 3 ways microbes can be inactivated for use in inactivated vaccines

A
  1. heat
  2. radiation
  3. chemicals
47
Q

State what the advantages of inactivated vaccines are

A
  • production of many different antibodies

- safely used in people with weak immune systems

48
Q

State what the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines are

A
  • stimulate relatively weak immune response

- booster vaccines required to maintain long-term immunity

49
Q

State what can be added to inactivated vaccines to boost the immune response

A

Adjuvants

50
Q

State whether inactivated vaccines are more common for viruses or bacteria

A

Bacteria

51
Q

Provide 2 examples of inactivated vaccines

A

Those against:

  • rabies
  • hepatitis A
52
Q

Describe adjuvants

A

Substances that stimulate a stronger immune response against an antigen

53
Q

Provide 2 examples of adjuvants

A
  1. aluminium phosphate

2. aluminium hydroxide

54
Q

Describe subunit vaccines

A

Involve parts of inactivated microbes

55
Q

State for what ability parts of inactivated microbes are chosen in the composition of subunit vaccines

A

Ability to induce adaptive immune response

56
Q

State the 3 variations in antigen structures that subunit vaccines can include

A
  1. fragment of antigen
  2. single antigen
  3. multiple antigens
57
Q

State 3 types of antigens that subunit vaccines can include

A
  1. proteins
  2. detoxified toxins
  3. polysaccharides
58
Q

State whether or not subunit vaccines that contain multiple antigens induce broader immunity

A

Yes

59
Q

State how subunit vaccines that contain multiple antigens induce broader immunity

A

Induce production of antibodies directed against multiple antigens

60
Q

State what the advantages of subunit vaccines are

A
  • safer/more stable/easier to store than live vaccines
61
Q

State what the disadvantages of subunit vaccines are

A
  • require multiple doses & adjuvant to improve immune strength
62
Q

State how subunit vaccines are made

A

Growth of pathogens in lab and chemical extraction of antigens using recombinant DNA technology

63
Q

State whether or not recombinant DNA technology is employed in the creation of live attenuated vaccines

A

Yes.

64
Q

Describe toxoid vaccines

A

Non-recombinant subunit vaccine

65
Q

State what toxoid vaccines use to boost immunity in patients

A

Toxins inactivated by formalin to stimulate adaptive immune response

66
Q

State whether or not toxoid vaccines require multiple doses to achieve immunity

A

Yes

67
Q

Provide a term used to reference subunit vaccines that do not use recombinant DNA technology to extract antigens from pathogens

A

Toxoid vaccines

68
Q

Provide 1 example of a toxoid vaccine

A

That against:

- diptheria

69
Q

State whether or not immunisation is critical

A

Yes. It is critical.

70
Q

State whether or not personal immunisation can affect the community and through what process they may affect those around them.

A

Yes. Herd immunity.

71
Q

Describe herd imunity

A

Result of large numbers of people being immune to pathogen to reduce host transmission

72
Q

State for whom herd immunity is necessary

A

Essential for the protection of those who cannot be vaccinated or those who have suppressed immune systems

73
Q

State by whom vaccination programs are established

A

Governments

74
Q

State what vaccines provides long term immunity in the absence of a booster vaccine

A

Live attenuated vaccine

75
Q

State what short term immunity can be provided by

A

Introduction of antibodies produced by another organism

76
Q

Define pandemic

A

Disease prevalent across the world

77
Q

Define epidemic

A

Widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

78
Q

Define outbreak

A

Sudden occurrence of a disease

B12 (41 decks)

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