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B12 > Signal Transduction (6.2) > Flashcards

Signal Transduction (6.2) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe signal transduction

A

Process of converting the original stimulus signal into a response

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2
Q

State what signal transduction involves

A

Change in signal form

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3
Q

State what the ability of a multicellular organism to detect and respond to stimuli relies upon

A

Cells communicating with each other

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4
Q

State what the process involved in a cell detecting and responding to a signalling molecule are referred to as

A

Signal transdution

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5
Q

State the 3 major steps of the stimulus-response model

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. cellular response
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6
Q

Describe reception as part of the stimulus-response model

A

The detection of the signalling molecule by a receptor

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7
Q

Describe transduction as part of the stimulus-response model

A

The relay of the signal into the cell

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8
Q

Describe cellular response as part of the stimulus-response model

A

The activation of cellular activity

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9
Q

State when signal transduction occurs

A

When a signalling molecule from outside the cell activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell

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10
Q

State 3 locations of the receptor which detects a signalling molecule

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytosol
  • nucleus
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11
Q

State what the position of a receptor depends upon

A

Signalling molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic

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12
Q

Describe the specificity of receptors

A

Receptors are specific

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13
Q

State whether or not receptors will only bind to particular signalling molecules

A

Yes. Receptors will only bind to specific signalling molecules.

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14
Q

State whether or not all cells are responsive to all signalling molecules.

A

No. All cells are not responsive to every signalling molecules.

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15
Q

Describe cascades

A

Multi-step transduction pathway

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16
Q

State the 2 different types of processes in transduction

A
  1. one-step

2. multi-step

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17
Q

Describe a one-step process of transduction

A

A signalling molecule binds to one receptor, producing a response

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18
Q

Describe a multi-step process of transduction

A

A signalling molecule binds to its receptor, activating different molecules

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19
Q

State what occurs post-transduction

A

A response is initiated

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20
Q

State 3 cellular responses that may follow transduction

A
  1. cellular activity (such as gene transcription)
  2. activation of enzymes
  3. secretion of signalling molecules
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21
Q

State the structure of most hydrophobic signalling molecules

A

Lipid-based molecules

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22
Q

State what hydrophobic signalling molecules are involved in

A

Gene regulation

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23
Q

State why lipid-based molecules can easily diffuse across the plasma membrane

A

Lipid soluble

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24
Q

State what hydrophobic signalling molecules bind to inside the target cell

A

Intracellular receptor

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25
Q

Describe 2 possible locations of an intracellular receptor

A
  1. nucleus

2. cytosol

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26
Q

State what steroid hormones are an example of

A

Lipid-based hydrophobic signalling molecules

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27
Q

State where steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors

A

Cytosol

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28
Q

Once steroid hormones are bound to intracellular receptors state where they move to

A

Move from the cytosol through nuclear pores to the nucleus (final destination)

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29
Q

State what the signalling molecule-receptor acts as in the nucleus

A

Transcription factor

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30
Q

Provide 1 example of a hydrophobic signalling molecule

A
  1. steroid hormones
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31
Q

Provide 3 examples of hydrophilic signalling molecules

A
  1. peptide hormones
  2. neurotransmitters
    3 cytokines
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32
Q

State why hydrophilic signalling molecules can diffuse through plasma membranes

A

Water soluble

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33
Q

State what the first step for all hydrophilic signalling molecules involves

A

Interaction of receptors on the external surface of the plasma membrane

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34
Q

State what receptors for the hydrophilic signalling molecules are classified as

A

Transmembrane proteins

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35
Q

State what the transmembrane proteins for hydrophilic signalling molecules are composed of

A

One or more protein molecules

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36
Q

State the 2 domains of transmembrane receptors

A
  1. extracellular domain

2. intracellular domain

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37
Q

State what the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptors is responsible for

A

Site of binding for the signalling molecule

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38
Q

State what the intracellular domain of transmembrane receptors is responsible for

A

Transfer of the signalling molecule into the cell

39
Q

State what occurs when the signalling molecule binds to the extracellular domain

A

The intracellular domain of the receptor changes shape

40
Q

Describe an alternative term to describe the change of shape of the intracellular domain of the receptor

A

Conformational change

41
Q

State what the conformational change of the transmembrane receptor results in

A

Activation of molecules inside the cell

42
Q

State what the transmembrane receptor may initiate

A

A cellular response

43
Q

State the 2 types of cellular responses which can be initiated through transduction by hydrophilic signalling molecules

A
  1. directly

2. indirectly

44
Q

Describe the indirect initiation of a response by the receptor in the transduction of hydrophilic signalling molecules

A

Activation of other molecules such as second messages

45
Q

Describe second messengers

A

Intermediate signalling molecules that relay signals

46
Q

State the 2 types of substances that signal transduction of hydrophilic signalling molecules typically uses

A
  1. intermediate proteins

2. other small non-protein molecules

47
Q

Describe the function of intermediate and small non-protein molecules in signal transduction

A

Relaying of the signal to its final destination

48
Q

Provide an alternative term to describe the small non-protein molecules involved in the transduction of hydrophilic signalling molecule

A

Second messengers

49
Q

State what the characteristics of the size and solubility of second messengers enable them to do

A

Diffuse quickly through the cytosol

50
Q

State what second messengers are responsible for

A

Triggering and amplifying a response from multiple parts of the cell at once

51
Q

Describe transduction cascades

A

Series of events in which a change in one molecule causes a change in another

52
Q

State what the result of a molecule that is activated by the conformational change of a receptor after binding to a hydrophobic signalling molecule

A

Trigger of a transduction cascade inside the cell

53
Q

State what molecules are responsible for the initiation of a transduction cascade

A

Enzymes, channel protein or cell structure proteins

54
Q

Different _______ for the same ________ exist in different cells, which may activate different _______________

A

Receptors, signalling molecule, transduction cascades

55
Q

State whether or not a signalling molecule can only initiate a response in one cell type

A

No. Signalling molecules can initiate different responses in different cell types.

56
Q

State whether or not proteins are specific to particular cells

A

Proteins are specific to particular cells

57
Q

State what proteins will lead to in the cells in which they present

A

Particular response

58
Q

State in what concentration signalling molecules are usually found

A

Low concentrations

59
Q

State what the cascade in a transduction pathway allows for

A

Amplification of the original signal

60
Q

State what the amplification of the original signalling molecule as a result of transduction cascades results in

A

Enough response molecules to have an effect on the cell

61
Q

State what occurs at the end of a transduction pathway

A

Initiation of a response

62
Q

State what alters the response at the end of a transduction pathway

A

Signalling molecules involved in the pathway

63
Q

State what responses signalling molecules are involved in initiating within the nucleus

A

Gene regulation

64
Q

Describe gene regulation as a response initiated by signalling molecules. State what control is handed to signalling molecules.

A

Signalling molecules can form a complex (by bonding to their receptor) and so can act as a transcription factor

65
Q

State in what part of a cell signalling molecules initiate gene regulation as a response

A

Nucleus

66
Q

State what responses signalling molecules are involved in initiating within the cytosol

A

Inhibition/activation of enzymes

67
Q

Describe inhibition/activation of enzymes as a response initiated by signalling molecules. State what control is handed to signalling molecules.

A

Enzymes regulate cellular process by catalysing chemical reaction, so by inhibiting/activating this function, effected cellular functions can be controlled

68
Q

State in what part of a cell signalling molecules initiate inhibition/activation of enzymes as a response

A

Cytosol

69
Q

State what responses signalling molecules are involved in initiating on the plasma membrane

A

Changes in the structure of the plasma membrane

70
Q

Describe changing the plasma membrane structure as a response initiated by signalling molecules. State what control is handed to signalling molecules.

A

Some cellular responses involve changes to the plasma membrane that allow certain substances to enter or exit the cell, so changing/not changing structure allows molecules to determine which substances can cross the membrane.

71
Q

State in what part of a cell signalling molecules are involved in the alteration of plasma membrane structure

A

Plasma membrane

72
Q

Describe receptor antagonist in cellular communication

A

Receptor ligand that blocks a biological response by binding to a receptor

73
Q

Describe ion channel

A

Transmembrane protein that allows specific ions to cross the plasma membrane

74
Q

State what control signalling molecules have over ion channels

A

Can be opened or closed in response to these molecules

75
Q

State what types of signalling transduction of a signal carried by the nervous system involves

A

Electrical/chemical signalling

76
Q

State the process by which neurotransmitters are released from ion channels

A

Exocytosis

77
Q

State what occurs when a neuron is stimulated

A

Gated sodium and potassium ion channels on its’ membrane are oened

78
Q

State what the sudden movement of ions into and out of a neuron initiates

A

Action potential

79
Q

State what length an action potential travels in a neuron

A

Axon

80
Q

Describe action potential

A

Reversal of the normal potential difference across a cell membrane

81
Q

State where vesicles containing neurotransmitters are located

A

Synaptic terminals of the neuron

82
Q

Provide 2 examples of possible postsynaptic cells

A
  1. muscle/gland cell

2. neuron

83
Q

State what neurotransmitters released form the synaptic terminal will diffuse across

A

Synaptic gap

84
Q

State where neurotransmitters will bind to on the postsynaptic cell

A

Specific receptors

85
Q

State what occurs when the action potential of a neuron reaches the synaptic terminals of the axon

A

Ca+2 ion enters the cell

86
Q

State what the increased concentration of Ca+2 ions in the neuron as a result of the action potential reaching the synaptic terminals of the axon results in

A

Vesicles will fuse with the nearby membrane to release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap

87
Q

State what the increased concentration of Ca+2 ions in the neuron as a result of the action potential reaching the synaptic terminals of the axon results in

A

Vesicles will fuse with the nearby membrane to release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap

88
Q

Describe nerve impulse

A

Wave of electrical change that passes rapidly along an axon membrane

89
Q

Describe amplification

A

Process of increasing the strength of a cellular signal

90
Q

Provide another term for a nerve impulse

A

Action potential

91
Q

Describe ligand

A

Any substance that binds specifically and reversibly to another entity to form a complex

92
Q

Provide an example of a ligand

A

Glucagon

93
Q

State whether or not sex hormones are lipid based

A

Yes.

94
Q

State what characteristics allows sex hormones to cross the plasma membrane easily

A

Share similar structure to cholesterol and can cross the plasma membrane easily to bind to an intracellular receptor

B12 (41 decks)

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