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B12 > Defining Humans (12.1) > Flashcards

Defining Humans (12.1) Flashcards

1
Q

State what Homo Sapiens is

A

The Latin term for our species

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2
Q

State what the term ‘Homo sapiens’ translates to

A

‘Wise man’

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3
Q

State what Homo sapiens are today considered

A
  • widespread
  • adaptable
  • influential
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4
Q

State what Homo sapiens are classified by the Linnaean system as

A

Animal kingdom member

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5
Q

Within the Primate order, humans belong to the same ____ as great apes

A

Family

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6
Q

State what family Homo sapiens belong to

A

Hominidae

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7
Q

State what all hominids lack

A

A tail

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8
Q

State what all hominids have in common

A

Skeletal and structural features

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9
Q

What animals are considered Homo sapiens closest living relatives?

A

Chimpanzees and Bonobos

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10
Q

State when Homo sapiens last shared common ancestor with Chimpanzees and Bonobos existed

A

6-8 million years ago

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11
Q

Describe hominids

A

Member of the family hominidae

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12
Q

Provide the name of oldest known ancestor of modern humans

A

Sahelanthropus

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13
Q

Provide the geographic range of Homo sapiens

A

Worldwide

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14
Q

Provide the time range of Homo sapien existence

A

200 000 years ago - present

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15
Q

State where fossil and genetic evidence places the earliest of our species

A

In Africa

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16
Q

State where the earliest evidence of anatomically modern humans was found in

A

Omo Kibish in Ethiopia

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17
Q

State how old the fossils from Omo Kibish were

A

195,000 years old

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18
Q

State what fossils belonging to the genus Homo are considered

A

Gracile

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19
Q

Describe gracile

A

Relatively lightweight skeleton and a more upright bipedal stance

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20
Q

State what relationship evidence from DNA and fossils has shown between Homo sapiens, neanderthalensis and denisovans

A

All three species coexisted and interbred

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21
Q

Describe the trend in cranial capacity structure over time

A

Capacity increased from 460 cm3 to 1350 cm3

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22
Q

Describe the trend in brow ridge structure over time

A

Brow ridge decreased in size

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23
Q

Describe the trend in face shape over time

A

Faces became flatter

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24
Q

Provide a reason supporting the change in brow ridge structure over time

A

Increasing size of cranium

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25
Q

Describe the trend in chin structure over time

A

Homo sapiens are the only hominin species to have evolved a chin

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26
Q

Describe the trend in teeth structure over time

A

Dental arch changed from U-shape to shorter V-shape

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27
Q

Provide a reason supporting the change in teeth structure over time

A

Changing hominin diet to more softer, cooked foods

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28
Q

Describe the trend in foramen magnum over time

A

Foramen magnum became more central

29
Q

Provide a reason supporting the change in foramen magnum structure over time

A

Increasing time spent upright

30
Q

Describe the trend in spine curve over time

A

From C - S shaped (curves in upper and lower spine)

31
Q

Describe the trend in rib cage structure over time

A

Funnel - barrel shaped

32
Q

Provide a reason supporting the change in spine curve over time

A

Additional curves supported weight vertically, aiding upright mobility

33
Q

Provide a reason supporting the change in rib cage structure over time

A

Barrel-shaped structure helped to maintain upright posture for lengthy periods of time

34
Q

Describe the trend in arm:leg over time

A

Arm:Leg decreased over time

35
Q

Provide a reason supporting the change in arm: leg over time

A

Legs became increasingly used for bipedal locomotion

36
Q

Describe the trend in pelvis structure over time

A

Shorter and more bowl-shaped

37
Q

Provide a reason supporting the change in pelvis structure over time

A

Greater support for upper body whilst standing and walking upright

38
Q

Outline the change in leg attachment to the pelvis

A

Earlier species, straight line attachment meant species had to swing their legs wide when walking. Now attached at angle.

39
Q

Describe the trend in big toe structure over time

A

More protruding

40
Q

Describe the trend in smaller toes over time

A

Increasingly aligned

41
Q

Provide a reason supporting the change in structure of small toes

A

No longer a need to grasp with small toes

42
Q

Describe the trend in foot arch over time

A

Foot arch increases

43
Q

Provide a reason supporting the changes in structure of foot arch

A

More efficient bipedal locomotion

44
Q

Describe the trend in heel size over time

A

Increased

45
Q

Provide a reason supporting the changes in heel structure over time

A

Bipedalism more energy efficient and less impactful

46
Q

Describe the trend in hand function over time

A

Hands free to engage in cultural/artistic activities

47
Q

Provide a reason for hand functionality increasing over time

A

Bidpedal development

48
Q

Describe the trend in head function over time

A

Raise heads to scan for prey and predators

49
Q

Describe the trend in SA exposure over time

A

Standing upright reduced UV exposure

50
Q

Describe the trend in cognitivity over time

A

As brain size increased, higher cognitivie processes developed

51
Q

State the order of the Homo genus to 4.2 million years ago

A
  1. Australophithecus
  2. Paranthropus
  3. Humans
  4. Modern humans
52
Q

Describe the subspecies in the Genus Homo (early humans and humans) - oldest to youngest

A
  1. Habilis
  2. Rudolfensis
  3. Erectus
  4. Heidelbergensis
  5. Neanderthalensis
  6. Denisovans
  7. Floresiensis
  8. Sapiens
53
Q

Describe the characteristics of vision which all primates share

A
  • Forward facing eyes
  • Binocular vision
  • Colour
54
Q

Describe the characteristic shape of face/snout which all primates share

A
  • Reduced projection
55
Q

Describe the characteristic structure of teeth which all primates share

A
  • Simple cusp pattern

- 3/4 different types

56
Q

Describe the characteristic structure of hands and feet which all primates share

A
  • 5 digits
  • Nails
  • Opposable thumb/big toes
57
Q

Describe the characteristic social organisation shared by all primates

A
  • Complex social hierarchies
58
Q

Describe the characteristics of reproduction shared by all primates

A
  • Increased infancy dependency

- Long period of parental care

59
Q

Describe prognathism

A

Extension/bulging out of lower jaw

60
Q

Compare and contrast hominins and hominoids

A

Hominoids - include all apes

Hominins - humans and their extinct closest ancestors

61
Q

Outline the characteristic trend in jaw size in Homo species

A

Small

62
Q

Outline the distinguishing feature of Homo neanderthalensis

A

Prominent brow ridges

63
Q

State the domain of H. Sapiens

A

Eukarya

64
Q

State the phylum of H. Sapiens

A

Chordata

65
Q

State the class of H. Sapiens

A

Mammalia

66
Q

State the order of H. Sapiens

A

Primates

67
Q

State the family of H. Sapiens

A

Hominidae

68
Q

State the genus of H. Sapiens

A

Homo

69
Q

State the species of H. Sapiens

A

H. Sapiens

B12 (41 decks)

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