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Psychology > 8A- Motivation > Flashcards

8A- Motivation Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

A

motivation

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2
Q

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

A

instinct

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3
Q

the idea that physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

A

drive-reduction theory

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4
Q

a tendency to maintain a balance and or constant internal state

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

A

incentive

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6
Q

pyramid of humans needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that first must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

A

hierarchy of needs

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7
Q

needs that have meaning beyond oneself

A

self-transcendence needs

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8
Q

needs that help one reach their full potential

A

self-actualization needs

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9
Q

one of our most basic needs

A

hunger

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10
Q

studied contractions of the stomach, and found that contractions accompany feelings of hunger

A

Washburn study

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11
Q

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hunger

A

glucose

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12
Q

increases in this diminish blood glucose

A

insulin

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13
Q

when active, makes us feel hungry by releasing orexin

A

lateral hypothalamus

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14
Q

a hunger-triggering hormone

A

orexin

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15
Q

when active, it depresses hunger; when removed, one becomes fat

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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16
Q

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

A

ghrelin

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17
Q

a sister hormone to ghrelin, but the stomach secretes this that sends a fullness signal that suppresses hunger

A

obestatin

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18
Q

appetite-suppressant hormone secreted by the digestive tract

A

PYY

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19
Q

a protein that is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

A

leptin

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20
Q

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

A

set point

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21
Q

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

A

basal metabolic rate

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22
Q

sweet and salty

A

genetic and universal taste preferences

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23
Q

dislike of things that are unfamiliar

A

neophobia

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24
Q

a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve; usually adolescent females

A

anorexia nervosa

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25
characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-caloire foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
26
significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise
binge-eating disorder
27
feast or famine existence, and storing fat for later use
historical explanations of obesity
28
having a body mass index of 30 or more
obesity
29
(weight in kg)/(height in meters)^2
BMI calculation
30
1 billion people are ______
overweight
31
300 million people are _____ _____
clinically obese
32
in the last 40 years in the US, the adult obesity ate has nearly _______, while child teen obesity has ______
doubled; quadrupled
33
increases risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer
effects of obesity
34
in women, obesity _____ their risk of late-life Alzheimer's and brain tissue loss
increases
35
slow, lazy and sloppy
stereotype of obesity
36
less sincere, meaner, more obnoxious and less happy
emotions of obese people
37
obese women make ______ than their thinner counterparts
less
38
discrimination based on weight is ______ than racism and sexism in some cases
greater
39
obesity is associated with ____ psychological well-being
lower
40
normal amount of these- 30-40 billion, but in obese people they have around 75 billion
fat cells
41
____ ____ re definitely part of body size
genetic factors
42
adoptive siblings body's do not correlate; they resemble those of their _____ parents
biological
43
____ twins have a +.74 correlation between weights
identical
44
___ are a bigger part of obesity than environment
genes
45
leptin levels fall and ghrelin levels rise
sleep deprivation
46
if you have friends who are obese, you are morel likely to be obese
social influence
47
with realistic and moderate goals for loosing weight, you wont see ____ wight loss
drastic
48
sudden and drastic weight loss ____ ___
doesn't last
49
a focus on ___ works better than a focus on appearance
health
50
went through arousal and were observed through the sexual response cycle: the goal was to help people overcome sexual arousal problems
William Masters and Virginia Johnson study
51
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
sexual response cycle
52
genital areas become engorged with blood, vagina expands and secretes lubricant, breast and nipples may enlarge
excitement phase
53
excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase
plateau phase
54
muscle contractions all over the body; further increases in breathing pulse, and blood pressure rates
orgasm
55
returning to the unaroused state
resolution
56
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
refractory period
57
development of sexual characteristics, and activate sexual behavior
effects of hormones
58
sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics; in nonhuman female mammals, these levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
estrogen
59
most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of males sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristic during puberty
testosterone
60
males and females seem to have __________ arousal when presented with the same external stimuli
about the same
61
dreams and sexual fantasies
imagined stimuli
62
ignorance, minimal communication about birth control, guilt related to sexual activity, alcohol use, and mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
greater risks of teen pregnancy because of these things
63
lately, there has been ____ rates of infections
increased
64
2/3 of infections occur in people ___ 25
under
65
teenage ___ are especially vulnerable to STIs
girls
66
39.5% of sexually experienced 14-19 year old females had ____
STIs
67
high intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, and participation in service learning programs
these correlate with teen abstinence
68
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual)
sexual orientation
69
Some statistics says that 10% of people are ____: but others say that 3-4% of men and 1-2% of women are _____
homosexual; homosexual
70
a male is more likely to be gay if he has older brothers
Blanchard's fraternal birth order effect
71
___ men and ____ women have larger right hemispheres
straight; lesbian
72
___ men and ___ women have similar sized hemispheres
gay; straight
73
____ appears to run in families
homosexuality
74
female identical twins are slightly ___ likely to share the same sexual orientation than male identical twins
less
75
a shared prenatal environment may be a factor in ______
sexual orientation
76
aides our survival, wanting to belong, sustaining relationships, and pain of ostracism
factors in our need to belong
77
social exclusion
ostracism
78
A desire for significant accomplishment
Achievement motivation
79
Had a devised schedule, with no more than 15 minutes of his day unplanned
Skinner
80
- choose tasks that allow for success - still require skill and work - keep persisting until success is achieved
People with a high need to succeed
81
This is filled by love and work
Healthy life
82
Attitude that work is necessary for making money
Job
83
Attitude that work is an opportunity to advance from one position to another
Career
84
The attitude towards work that it is fulfilling a socially useful activity
Calling
85
The experience between no work and a lot of work; marks immersion into work; people who experience this are driven by intrinsic rewards and love what they do
Flow
86
Applying psychological principles to the workplace
Industrial/organizational psychology
87
Studies the principles of selecting and evaluations workers
Personnel psychology
88
Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity
Organizational psychology
89
Explores how machines and people interact and how they can be made safe and easy to use
Human factors psychology
90
He was not placed in the right work to vein with, but then was, and he became much happier
Matisse
91
Identifying people's strengths and matching them to a particular area of work; the first step toward workplace effectiveness
Harnessing strengths
92
Idea that interviewers overrate their discernment
Interviewer illusion
93
Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated by an established scale
Structured interview
94
For employee retention, determining rewards/pay, and the encouragement of better performance
The purpose of structured interviews
95
You rate yourself, your manager, and your colleagues, and you will be rated by your manager, other colleagues, and customers
360-degree feedback
96
Look for ways to engage and motivate workers
Organizational psychologists
97
The extent of workers' involvement, enthusiasm, and identification with their organizations
Employee engagement
98
Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
Social leadership
99
Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Task leadership

Psychology (18 decks)

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