7A- Cognition: Memory

Question 0

The processing of information into the memory systems

Answer 0

Encoding

Question 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

The retention of encoded information over time

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 4

Sensory memory

Question 5

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 5

Short-term memory

Question 6

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences; some information goes directly here

Answer 6

Long-term memory

Question 7

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information from long-term memory

Answer 7

Working memory

Question 8

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Answer 8

Parallel processing

Question 9

Unconscious encoding of incidental information and well-learned information; includes details of timing, space, and frequency

Answer 9

Automatic processing

Question 10

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 10

Effortful processing

Question 11

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Answer 11

Rehearsal

Question 12

His curve showed that as rehearsal increases, relearning time decreases

Answer 12

Ebbinghaus

Question 13

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 13

Spacing effect

Question 14

Testing more times yields better long-term retention

Answer 14

Testing effect

Question 15

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Answer 15

Serial position effect

Question 16

The last item in a list remembered

Answer 16

Recency effect

Question 17

The first item in a list remembered

Answer 17

Primacy effect

Question 18

The encoding of picture images

Answer 18

Visual encoding

Question 19

The encoding of sound

Answer 19

Acoustic encoding

Question 20

The encoding of meaning; the best way to remember things/terms later

Answer 20

Semantic encoding

Question 21

Attaching things to relevant examples in one’s own life, these are remembered better

Answer 21

Self-reference effect

Question 22

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

Answer 22

Imagery

Question 23

After something occurs, we remember it as more pleasant

Answer 23

Rosy retrospection

Question 24

Memory aids such as vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 24

Mnemonic

Question 25

Attaching information to a list you already have

Answer 25

Peg-word system

Question 26

Type of chunking; ROY G BIV (colors); HOMES (Great Lakes)

Answer 26

Acronym

Question 27

Dividing things into subsections, sections, and outlines

Answer 27

Hierarchies

Question 28

We hang onto more information than we realize

Answer 28

Sperling's memory experiment

Question 29

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photograph or image memory lasting for fewer than a few tenths of a second

Answer 29

Iconic memory

Question 30

Auditory stimuli; sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds

Answer 30

Echoic memory

Question 31

Magic number

Answer 31

7 plus or minus 2

Question 32

Path to how people learn things

Answer 32

Memory trace

Question 33

An increase in a synapse's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation

Answer 33

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 34

Memory boosting drug that switches genes on and off

Answer 34

CREB

Question 35

Memory boosting drug that enhances synaptic communication

Answer 35

Glutamate

Question 36

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event; stored in long term memory

Answer 36

Flashbulb memory

Question 37

The loss of memory

Answer 37

Amnesia

Question 38

A study involving a man who had a part of his brain, that is involved in laying new conscious memories of facts and experiences, surgically removed; he was able to do tasks he had learned prior to the surgery, but could not convert new experiences to long-term storage

Answer 38

HM Studies

Question 39

Retention independent of conscious recollection

Answer 39

Implicit memory

Question 40

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

Answer 40

Explicit memory

Question 41

Processes explicit memories for storage

Answer 41

Hippocampus

Question 42

Forms and stores implicit memories

Answer 42

Cerebellum

Question 43

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, (fill-in-the-blank)

Answer 43

Recall

Question 44

The person need only to identify items previously learned, (multiple choice)

Answer 44

Recognition

Question 45

Assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Answer 45

Relearning

Question 46

Anchor points you can use to access the target information when you retrieve it better; mnemonic devices; priming

Answer 46

Retrieval cues

Question 47

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Answer 47

Priming

Question 48

The eerie sense that "I've experienced this before"

Answer 48

Deja vu

Question 49

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood

Answer 49

Mood congruent memory

Question 50

Absentmindedness, transience, and blocking

Answer 50

Sins of forgetting

Question 51

Misattribution, suggestibility, and bias

Answer 51

Sins of distortion

Question 52

Persistence

Answer 52

Sin of intrusion

Question 53

Inattention to details leads to encoding failures

Answer 53

Absent-mindedness

Question 54

Storage decay over time

Answer 54

Transience

Question 55

Inaccessibility of stored information (tip of your tongue)

Answer 55

Blocking

Question 56

Confusing the source of information

Answer 56

Misatteibution

Question 57

The lingering effects of misinformation

Answer 57

Suggestibility

Question 58

Belief-colored recollections

Answer 58

Bias

Question 59

Unwanted memories

Answer 59

Persistence

Question 60

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 60

Proactive interference

Question 61

The disruption effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Answer 61

Retroactive interference

Question 62

Remembering something the way we want to

Answer 62

Self-serving personal histories

Question 63

The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, or memories

Answer 63

Repression

Question 64

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; 1-800-HOLIDAY

Answer 64

Chunking

Question 65

When asked the speed of the cars, those who were asked when they smashed into each other reported higher speeds than those who were asked when they hit each other

Answer 65

Loftus memory studies

Question 66

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Answer 66

Misinformation effect

Question 67

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; also called source misattribution

Answer 67

Source amnesia

Question 68

Eyewitnesses express roughly similar self-assurance

Answer 68

Eye witness testimony

Question 69

Study repeatedly, sleep more, make the material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use mnemonic devices, minimize interference, and test your own knowledge

Answer 69

Way to Improve memory