11- Testing and Individual Differences

Question 1

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Answer 1

intelligence

Question 2

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

Answer 2

savant syndrome

Question 3

a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Answer 3

intelligence test

Question 4

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Answer 4

general intelligence (g)

Question 5

a statisical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

Answer 5

factor analysis

Question 6

• looked at 7 different clusters

- people who generally scored well on all if they scored well in one category

Answer 6

Thurstone’s counter argument to g

Question 7

thinking error; viewing an abstract concept as if it were a concrete thing

Answer 7

reification

Question 8

• linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (other people), and naturalist
• a possible 9th- existential

Answer 8

Gardner’s 8 Intelligences

Question 9

analytical (academic problem-solving), creative (generating novel ideas), and practical (everyday tasks)

Answer 9

Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences

Question 10

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Answer 10

emotional intelligence

Question 11

has a correlation of +.33

Answer 11

brain size and intelligence

Question 12

speed it takes to perform a task

Answer 12

neurological speed

Question 13

reaction time, sensory acuity, muscular power, body proportions

Answer 13

intellectual strengths

Question 14

measured natural abilities, and was the person who created the term, nature and nurture

Answer 14

Francis Galton

Question 15

was asked to come up with a way to identify French school children in need of assistance in school; came up with mental age, and was not worried about the cause of someone’s mental age

Answer 15

Alfred Binet

Question 16

birth age

Answer 16

chronological age

Question 17

the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Answer 17

mental age

Question 18

worked at Stanford to come up with a revised test from Binet’s original intelligence test; came up with IQ

Answer 18

Lewis Terman

Question 19

the widely used revision of Binet’s original intelligence test; was used during WWI to test newly-arriving immigrants and army recruits

Answer 19

Stanford-Binet Test

Question 20

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; now an average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Answer 20

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 21

test designed to assess what a person has learned (end of course exams)

Answer 21

achievement test

Question 22

test designed to predict a person’s future performance (SAT, ACT)

Answer 22

aptitude test

Question 23

The most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

Answer 23

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Question 24

Similar to the WAIS, but for children

Answer 24

WISC

Question 25

Defining meaningful scores by comparison with performance of a pretested group

Answer 25

Standardization

Question 26

The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

Answer 26

Normal curve

Question 27

Over time, average intelligence test performance rises

Answer 27

Flynn effect

Question 28

The extent to which a test yields consistent results; scores have to correlate

Answer 28

Reliability

Question 29

The same test is given in its entirety both times

Answer 29

Test-retest reliability

Question 30

Test is given in 2 parts at different times

Answer 30

Split-half reliability

Question 31

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 31

Validity

Question 32

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Answer 32

Content validity

Question 33

Pertinent behavior

Answer 33

Criterion

Question 34

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

Answer 34

Predictive validity

Question 35

When tested at age 11 and then again at 80, scores correlated with a +.66

Answer 35

Stability of intelligence

Question 36

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life (mild to profound)

Answer 36

Intellectual disability (Mental retardation)

Question 37

A condition of intellectual disability and associated with physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Answer 37

Down syndrome

Question 38

Integrating children with disabilities into regular classrooms to be educated in less restrictive environments

Answer 38

Mainstreaming

Question 39

Looked at kids who scored over 135 on the intelligence test

Answer 39

Terman's study of gifted

Question 40

The label given to one, whether "not gifted" or "gifted", may influence what they truly become

Answer 40

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 41

Suited to each child's talents, we can promote equity and excellence for all

Answer 41

Appropriate developmental placement

Question 42

Intelligence test scores are ______________ when identical twins take the test

Answer 42

Virtually the same, as if the same person took the same test twice

Question 43

If identical twins are raised apart, the scores are ______

Answer 43

Similar but not the same

Question 44

70% of variation in test scores can be attributed to _________

Answer 44

Genetic variation

Question 45

When Many genes seem to be involved

Answer 45

Polygenetic

Question 46

Scores of adoptive siblings correlate _______

Answer 46

Modestly

Question 47

Over time, ______________, not _________, become more apparent as we accumulate life experience

Answer 47

Genetic influences; environmental ones

Question 48

The variation in traits that can be attributed to genetic factors

Answer 48

Heritability

Question 49

Early neglect does affect brain damage and physical developmental; tutored human enrichment; target tutoring

Answer 49

Early environmental influences

Question 50

Government funded preschool program for families below the poverty level

Answer 50

Project Head Start

Question 51

Females are better; only about 30% of makes do better at this task than females

Answer 51

Spelling

Question 52

Females excel at verbal fluency and at remembering words

Answer 52

Vernal ability

Question 53

Females have an edge in remembering and locating objects

Answer 53

Nonverbal memory

Question 54

Females are more sensitive to touch, taste, and odor

Answer 54

Sensation

Question 55

Females are better decetors at this

Answer 55

Emotion-detecting ability

Question 56

Males and females obtained nearly the same scores; females are better at computation, while makes are better at problem solving

Answer 56

Math and spatial aptitudes

Question 57

There are more males at the outliers

Answer 57

Greater male variability

Question 58

Individual differences ______ a race are much greater than differences ______ races

Answer 58

Within; between

Question 59

Detect not only innate differences but also performance differences caused by cultural experiences

Answer 59

Popular sense of bias

Question 60

Detects the future behavior only only for some groups but not others

Answer 60

Scientific sense of bias

Question 61

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Answer 61

Stereotype threat