2- Research Methods

Question 0

Curiosity, skepticism of competing ideas, humility before nature

Answer 0

Parts of the scientific attitude

Question 1

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Answer 1

Hindsight bias

Question 2

Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Answer 2

Critical thinking

Question 3

An explanation that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Answer 3

Theory

Question 4

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 4

Hypothesis

Question 5

A statement of procedures used to define variables

Answer 5

Operational definition

Question 6

Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Answer 6

Replication

Question 7

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles; suggests further study; cannot discern general truths; relatively inexpensive

Answer 7

Case study

Question 8

An instrument where you ask a bunch of questions, and they answer to figure out self-reported attitudes and behaviors

Answer 8

Survey

Question 9

The way the question is worded may make you answer in a certain way

Answer 9

Wording effect

Question 10

Process of getting your answers

Answer 10

Sampling

Question 11

All the cases in the group being studied

Answer 11

Population

Question 12

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant

Answer 12

Random sample

Question 13

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation; describes behavior, does not explain behavior

Answer 13

Naturalistic observation

Question 14

The relationship between two variables; how well either factor predicts the other

Answer 14

Correlation

Question 15

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1.0 to 1.0); positive means they move together, negative means move in opposite directions, zero means there is no connection; describes direction not strength

Answer 15

Correlational coefficient

Question 16

Represents the value of two variables

Answer 16

Scatterplot

Question 17

Correlation helps predict, not _______

Answer 17

Causation

Question 18

The perception of a relationship where none exists; perceived nonexistent correlation; random coincidence

Answer 18

Illusory correlation

Question 19

This comes from our need to make sense out of the world

Answer 19

Perceiving order in random events

Question 20

A research in which the investigator is manipulating one variable to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process; can isolate cause and effect; lots of ground work and money are required

Answer 20

Experiment

Question 21

Assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance

Answer 21

Random assignment

Question 22

When just the participants don’t know which group they are in

Answer 22

Single blind procedure

Question 23

When the people collecting the information also don’t know which group the participants are in

Answer 23

Double-blind procedure

Question 24

The meat expectation that something is going to happen, increases our perception that it is going to happen

Answer 24

Placebo effect

Question 25

The group exposed to the treatment

Answer 25

Experimental group

Question 26

The group not exposed to the treatment

Answer 26

Control group

Question 27

The experimental factor that is not manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Answer 27

Independent variable

Question 28

A factor other than the independent variable that might affect the results

Answer 28

Confounding variable

Question 29

The outcome variable; may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

Answer 29

Dependent variable

Question 30

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Answer 30

Mode

Question 31

The arithmetic average of a distribution

Answer 31

Mean

Question 32

The middle score in a distribution

Answer 32

Median

Question 33

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Answer 33

Range

Question 34

A computed measure if how much scores vary around the mean score

Answer 34

Standard deviation

Question 35

Bell curve/normal distribution; symmetrical; describes the distribution of many types of data

Answer 35

Normal curve

Question 36

Representative samples are better than ______ samples

Answer 36

Biased

Question 37

Less-variable observations are more reliable than those that are ______

Answer 37

More variable

Question 38

More cases are ______ than fewer

Answer 38

Better

Question 39

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Answer 39

Statistically significant

Question 40

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared

Answer 40

Culture

Question 41

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Answer 41

Informed consent

Question 42

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Answer 42

Debriefing