7B- Cognition: Thinking and Learning

Question 0

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 0

Concepts

Question 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

A mental image or best example of a category

Answer 2

Prototype

Question 3

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; step-by-step; you will find the answer, but it is time consuming

Answer 3

Algorithm

Question 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; faster process, but not guaranteed to solve the problem

Answer 4

Heuristic

Question 5

A sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 5

Insight

Question 6

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 6

Creativity

Question 7

• expertise
• intrinsic motivation
• creative environment
• imaginative thinking skills
• venturesome personality

Answer 7

Sternberg’s five components to creativity

Question 8

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 8

Confirmation bias

Question 9

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Answer 9

Fixation

Question 10

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 10

Mental set

Question 11

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Answer 11

Functional fixedness

Question 12

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Answer 12

Representative heuristic

Question 13

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Answer 13

Availability heuristic

Question 14

The tendency to be more confident than correct

Answer 14

Overconfidence

Question 15

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 15

Belief perseverance

Question 16

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 16

Intuition

Question 17

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Answer 17

Framing

Question 18

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Answer 18

Language

Question 19

The smallest distinctive sound unit in language

Answer 19

Phoneme

Question 20

In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Answer 20

Morpheme

Question 21

In language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 21

Grammar

Question 22

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences; the study of meaning

Answer 22

Semantics

Question 23

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Answer 23

Syntax

Question 24

Ability to comprehend speech

Answer 24

Receptive language

Question 25

Ability to produce words

Answer 25

Productive language

Question 26

Beginning at 4 months, the stage in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Answer 26

Babbling stage

Question 27

From ages 1-2, the stage during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 27

One-word stage

Question 28

Beginning at age 2, the stage during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Answer 28

Two-word stage

Question 29

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs

Answer 29

Telegraphic speech

Question 30

- Associations (sights with sounds) - imitation (words with syntax) - reinforcement (actions with emotions)

Answer 30

Skinner's learning principles

Question 31

- language acquisition device | - universal grammar

Answer 31

Chomsky

Question 32

We speak certain sounds together based on how often we hear the sounds together and in what order

Answer 32

Statistical learning

Question 33

The best time to master certain aspects of language

Answer 33

Critical (sensitive) period- childhood

Question 34

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 34

Linguistic determinism

Question 35

Bilingual children, who learn to inhibit one language while using the other, are better able to inhibit their attention to irrelevant information

Answer 35

Bilingual advantage

Question 36

Apes and monkey can form _____

Answer 36

Concepts

Question 37

Some animals are able to display the ability to _____ ______

Answer 37

Solve problems

Question 38

Chimps have become _______ ______ _____

Answer 38

Natural tool users

Question 39

Studied chimps' ability to remember and relate numbers; chimp's name of which he studied is Ai taps

Answer 39

Matsuzawa

Question 40

A grey parrot who could comprehend numbers up to six

Answer 40

Alex

Question 41

Chimps invent ______ and transmit _____ _____ to their peers and offspring

Answer 41

Behaviors; cultural patterns

Question 42

Animals _____

Answer 42

Communicate

Question 43

A border collie who can fetch 200 items by name; he can also pick out a novel item from among a group of familiar items

Answer 43

Rico

Question 44

An ape that Learned sign language

Answer 44

Washoe

Question 45

Apes usually sign _____ words! but sometimes they _____ words ______

Answer 45

Single; string; together

Question 46

An ape who Herbert Terrace believed only signed to get rewards

Answer 46

Nim Chimsky

Question 47

A baby ape who learned signs from Washoe

Answer 47

Loulis

Question 48

An ape who seems to have grammatical abilities similar to a 2 year old human baby

Answer 48

Kanzi

Question 49

Prohibiting the use of gestures disrupts _____

Answer 49

Speech

Question 50

Blind people still _____ ______ even among other blind people

Answer 50

Use gestures

Question 51

Language designed to alter our perception and corrupt our thinking

Answer 51

Doublespeak

Question 52

Specialized language of our trade or profession

Answer 52

Jargon

Question 53

Inoffensive or positive words used to avoid a harsh or distasteful reality

Answer 53

Euphemism

Question 54

Pile on words or overwhelming the audience, either because of carelessness or by design

Answer 54

Gobbledygook

Question 55

An attempt to make the ordinary seem extraordinary

Answer 55

Inflated language