A&P 1.19

Question 1

Serratus anterior

A, I, O

Answer 1

A- protraction/abduction of the scapula

I- superior and inferior angle of the scapula and medial margin in between

O - Lateral aspect of 1st through 8-9 ribs

Named for shape and location

Serrat - saw like;
Weak muscle is a wing scapula

Question 2

range of motion

Answer 2

the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved

Question 3

Range of motion

Review

6 factors

Answer 3

Structure or shape of the articulating bones
Strength or tension of the joint ligaments
Arrangement and tension of the muscles
Apposition of soft parts
Hormones
Disuse

Question 4

Structure or shape of the articulating bones

Answer 4

Spatial relationship : how closely the articulating surfaces fit together

more stable than mobile because it’s an Interlocking fit

Question 5

Strength or tension of the joint ligaments

Answer 5

Tautness of the capsule and ligaments in certain positions

When the knee is straight the ACL is taut and the PCL is loose

The reverse occurs in flexion

Question 6

Arrangement and tension of the muscles

Answer 6

When the thigh is raised with the knee extended, the ROM is restricted by the tension of the hamstring muscle on the back of the thigh

Question 7

Apposition of soft parts

Answer 7

The point at which one body surface meets another (muscle or adipose tissue)

Question 8

Hormones

Answer 8

Relaxin from placenta loosens pubic symphysis

Question 9

relaxin

Answer 9

during pregnancy the ovaries and placenta produce a hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and the pelvic ligaments, allowing expansion of the pelvic outlet

Question 10

Disuse

Answer 10

Movement at a joint may be restricted

Decreased synovial fluid
Decreased flexibility of ligaments
Reduced size of muscles

Question 11

Detail of hip joint

Answer 11

Articular capsule
Ligament of the head of the femur
Acetabular labrum

Question 12

Articular capsule

Answer 12

Very dense & strong capsule that extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur

Question 13

Ligament of the head of the femur

Answer 13

Runs from the fossa of the acetabulum to the head of the femur contains a small artery

Question 14

Articulation of the vertebrae

5

Answer 14

Intervertebral discs
Intervertebral joints
Vertebro-costal joints
Atlanto-occipital joint
Atlanto-axial joint

Question 14

Acetabular labrum

Answer 14

Fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum

Question 15

Detail of the vertebral joints

Articulation

Answer 15

Articulation between the superior and inferior facet processes of adjacent vertebrae are gliding joints

Question 16

Detail of vertebral joints

Bodies of vertebrae

Answer 16

Bodies of vertebrae are separated by cushioned pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs and are symphyseal joints. Each disc has tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosis, which surrounds the soft gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis) that gives resiliency and shock absorption.

Question 17

annulus fibrosis

Answer 17

Each disc has tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosis, which surrounds the soft gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis) that gives resiliency and shock absorption.

Question 18

nucleus pulposus

Answer 18

intervertebral discs are filled with a soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance called nucleus pulposus

Question 19

Detail of vertebral joints

Intervertebral ligaments

Answer 19

Intervertebral ligaments run anterior and posterior to the bodies which are

Anterior longitudinal ligaments
Posterior longitudinal ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament

Question 20

atlanto-axial joint

Answer 20

made between the atlas and axis in the vertebrae

Question 21

atlas

Answer 21

C1

Question 22

axis

Answer 22

C2

Question 23

dens

Answer 23

verticle projection on the top of the axis that links to the atlas

Question 24

Effects of aging on joints Part 1

Answer 24

Decreased production of synovial fluid Articular cartilage becomes thinner Ligaments shorten and lose some flexibility Effects vary and are affected by genetic factors as well as wear and tear

Question 25

Effects of aging on joints Part 2

Answer 25

Degenerative changes may begin as early as age 20 but is unusual By age 80 there is typically some degeneration of knees, elbows, hips and shoulder Males commonly develop kyphosis in spine or hunched posture After age 70 nearly everyone has some evidence of osteoarthritis

Question 26

kyphosis males versus females

Answer 26

males higher rate of ankylosing spondylitis females higher rate of osteoporosis

Question 27

Arthritis

Answer 27

arth: joint; itis: inflammation The inflammation of the joints, joints are swollen, stiff and painful. Afflicts about 45 million people in the US

Question 28

3 types of arthritis

Answer 28

Rheumatoid arthritis - RA Osteoarthritis - OA or DJD Gouty arthritis

Question 29

Rheumatism Defined

Answer 29

Any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the bone - bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles-- that is not caused by infection or injury

Question 30

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 30

RA is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks it's own cartilage and joint lining. Characterized by inflammation of the joint which causes swelling, pain and loss of function usually bilaterally

Question 31

Osteoarthritis (OA and DJD)

Answer 31

A degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost. Commonly known as wear and tear arthritis Leading cause of disability in older persons

Question 32

Gouty arthritis

Answer 32

A dysfunction of uric acid metabolism in which sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joints. The crystals irritate and erode the cartilage causing inflammation, swelling, and acute pain. If untreated, the crystals destroy all joint tissues, articulating bones fuse

Question 33

Rotator cuff injury

Answer 33

Commonly involves vigorous circumduction | Most often torn superaspinatus tendon because of location between the head of the humerus and acromion of the scapula

Question 34

Tennis elbow injury

Answer 34

Pain at or near the lateral epicondyle (extensiors)

Question 35

Golfers elbow injury

Answer 35

Pain at or near the medial epicondyle (flexors)

Question 36

Separated shoulder

Answer 36

Injury of the Acromioclavicular joint, most often happens with forceful trauma, like hitting the ground

Question 37

Sprain

Answer 37

Damage to ligaments

Question 38

Strain

Answer 38

Damage to muscle and tendons Knee joint most vulnerable

Question 39

Swollen knee

Answer 39

Escape of blood from damaged vessels

Question 40

Rupture medial/tibial collateral ligaments

Answer 40

From a lateral blow Common in football

Question 42

ACL tear

Answer 42

Displacement of the tibia anteriorly in relation to the femur from hyperextension