A&P - Chapter 3 (Part 2)

Question 1

What are the type of chemical bonds? (3)

Answer 1

1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Hydrogen bonds

Question 2

When do you know if an atom is chemically stable?

Answer 2

When the outer shell is full

Question 3

When is an atom unlikely to bond? Why?

Answer 3

When it is stable because it has no electrons it wants to give away

Question 4

Ionic bonds

Answer 4

Form between an atom that only has 1 or 2 electrons in its outermost energy level
- donates electrons

Question 5

Ion

Answer 5

Atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge

- either positive or negative

Question 6

When do ions form?

Answer 6

They form when an atom gains or loses electrons in its outer energy level to become stable

Question 7

Positive ions

Answer 7

Has lost electrons

- Eg) Na+, Ca+

Question 8

Negative ions

Answer 8

Has gained electrons

- Eg) Cl-

Question 9

When do ionic bonds form?

Answer 9

When positive and negative ions attract each other due to an electrical attraction

Question 10

When do covalent bonds form?

Answer 10

When atoms fill their energy levels by sharing electrons to become stable

Question 11

How do covalent bonds share electrons?

Answer 11

They must stay close to each other

Question 12

Do bonds break easily in covalent bonds? Why?

Answer 12

No because they are so close together

- they are strong

Question 13

Where would you find hydrogen bonds?

Answer 13

Between molecules

Question 14

What is the weakest type of chemical bond?

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonds

Question 15

What do hydrogen bonds result from?

Answer 15

Unequal charge distribution on molecules

- unequally shared

Question 16

What is an example of a hydrogen bond?

Answer 16

Water molecules

Question 17

How are hydrogen bonds formed?

Answer 17

Areas of different partial charges attract one another

Question 18

What are chemical reactions involved with?

Answer 18

The formation or breaking of chemical bonds

Question 19

What are 3 types of chemical reactions involved in physiology?

Answer 19

1. Synthesis reaction
2. Decomposition reaction
3. Exchange reaction

Question 20

Synthesis reaction

Answer 20

Combining of two or more substances to form a more complex substance
- eg) A + B –> AB

Question 21

Decomposition reaction

Answer 21

Breaking down of a substance into two or more simpler substances
- eg) AB –> A + B

Question 22

Exchange reaction

Answer 22

Decomposition of two substances and in exchange, synthesis to two new compounds come from them
- eg) AB + CD –> AD +CB

Question 23

Irreversible reactions

Answer 23

Reactions that are unable to occur in both directions

Question 24

What do chemical reactions always involve?

Answer 24

Energy transfers

Question 25

Where is some of the energy stored in chemical reactions?

Answer 25

In the bonds and are released when the bonds are broken

Question 26

Metabolism

Answer 26

All of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Question 27

What makes up metabolism? (2)

Answer 27

1. Catabolism | 2. Anabolism

Question 28

Catabolism

Answer 28

Chemical reactions that break down complex compounds into simpler ones and release energy

Question 29

What is an example of catabolism?

Answer 29

Hydrolysis

Question 30

What are the end products of catabolism? (3)

Answer 30

1. Carbon dioxide 2. Oxygen 3. Other waste products

Question 31

Anabolism

Answer 31

Chemical reactions that join simple molecules together to form more complex molcules

Question 32

What is an example of anabolism?

Answer 32

Dehydration synthesis | - condensation