A&P - Chapter 32-33 (Part 2) Flashcards
(31 cards)
What substances contribute to the immune response? (4)
- Cytokines
- Complement
- Antibodies
- Interferon
Cytokines
Chemicals released from cells to trigger or regulate immune responses
What are examples of cytokines? (3)
- Interleukins
- ILs - Leukotrines
- Interferons
- IFNs
Complement
A group of about 20 inactive enzymes
- plasma proteins
What does the complement produce?
A domino effect of reactions
- formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC)
What is the end result of complement?
Lysis of a foreign cell
What are antibodies made by?
A plasma protein made by B-lymphocytes (B cells)
What do antibodies do?
Destroy or inactive antigens
Interferon
A protein made by certain cells when they are invaded by a virus
What do interferons interferes with?
Virus replication
What is considered the first line of defence?
Innate/non-specific immunity
- skin/skin secretions
- mucosa/mucus
- tears, HCl
- saliva
What is considered the second line of defence?
Innate/non-specific
- inflammation (heat, redness, pain, swelling, may include fever)
- phagocytes
What is considered the third line of defence?
Adaptive/specific immunity
- phagocytes
- specific immune responses
- natural killer cells
Inflammatory response
A generalized response to pathogens that are causing tissue damage
What are signs of an inflammatory response? (5)
- Heat
- Redness
- Pain
- Swelling
- Fever
What does the inflammatory response trigger?
The release of immune factors from the immune system cells
What does the release of immune factors from immune system cells do? (3)
- Attracts WBCs
- Causes increased blood flow
- site becomes warm and reddened - Increased vascular permeability
- site swells with associated discomfort
What do changes in the immune system cells do?
Help phagocytic WBCs reach the site and enter the affected tissue
How do adaptive/specific immunity do?
Protection against invaders due to the ability of the body to recognize, respond to, and remember specific harmful substances or bacteria
- aka non-self antigens
What kind of respond is the adaptive/specific immunity?
Systemic
- not restricted to initial area of ‘invasion’
What is special about the adaptive immunity?
It has memory
- if the body is ever exposed to the same antigen, the immune response will be even stronger than it was to previous exposures
What does the specific immunity involve? (2)
- B-lymphocytes
- B cells - T-lymphocytes
- T cells
Where do B and T cells originate from?
Immature hematopoietic cells in the red bone marrow
What happens once B and T cells are formed?
Both circulate to lymph nodes and spleen
