A&P exam 3 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
how does lymph flow through the body
A
blood capillaries, interstitial space, lymphatic capillaries, vessels, trunk, duct, subclavian veins
2
Q
what allows lymph to enter the lymph vessels
A
- inter-endothelial junctions: 1-way microvalves made of endothelium and smooth muscle
- permeability: not tightly joined, increases interstitial fluid to open valves
3
Q
where are lymph capillaries located
A
everywhere except CNS, bone marrow, bones, teeth, cornea
4
Q
when interstitial fluid pressure > capillary fluid pressure what happens
A
flap opens, lymph enters
5
Q
when interstitial fluid pressure < capillary fluid pressure what happens
A
flap closes, doesn’t enter
6
Q
do proteins enter lymph capillaries easily or hard
A
easily, but pathogens also enter easily
7
Q
function of lymph nodes
A
cleanse lymph using macrophages to destroy microorganisms so they aren’t transferred through
8
Q
where are lymph nodes activated
A
where dendritic cells bring back antigens to activate T cells
9
Q
3 parts of lymph nodes
A
cortex: superficial, has dense cells
medulla: inner region w/ T and B cells
lymph sinuses: macrophages
10
Q
what is found in germinal center
A
plasma cells and memory B cells
11
Q
what is the largest lymph organ
A
spleen
12
Q
what is mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
A
protects passages that are open to exterior; ex) tonsils
13
Q
what makes up 1st line of defense
A
external membranes like skin and mucosa
14
Q
lymphocytes
A
T and B cells that are main immune system warriors and protect against antigens
15
Q
macrophages
A
activate T cells, phagocytize foreign substances
16
Q
dendritic cells
A
capture, process, present antigens to T cells
17
Q
reticular cells
A
produce fiber network that supports other cells in lymph tissue
18
Q
is the immune system an organ system
A
no, it’s a functional system
19
Q
what makes up 2nd defense
A
internal defenses that respond quickly
20
Q
what are 2 parts of innate system
A
non-specific: 1st and 2nd line defense
21
Q
what’s included in adaptive defense system
A
specific- 3rd line defense
22
Q
does adaptive defense system have memory
A
yes, it does and we can build it
23
Q
what’s included in innate defenses
A
skin, mucus, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells
24
Q
what’s included in adaptive defenses
A
humoral immunity: B cells and cellular immunity: T cells
25
what are innate defense surface barriers
acid: inhibits bacterial growth
lysozymes: saliva, mucus, destroy bacteria
mucin: trap microorganisms
defensins: antimicrobial peptides
26
def natural killer cells
non-phagocytic defensive cells in blood and lymph that can kill cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
27
how do natural killer cells do their job
induce apoptosis on infected target cell, enhance inflammatory response
28
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29
benefit of inflammatory response
prevents spread of damaging agents, dispose cell debris, alert adaptive immune system, be ready for repair
30
what may be released as part of inflammatory response
cytokines, histamine, kinins, prostaglandis, leukotreines, plasma protein
31
2 types of phagocytes
macrophages: leave bloodstream in search of foreign substances
neutrophils: WBC becomes phagocytic after entering foreign substances
32
what do inflammatory chemicals do
dilate arterioles, increase capillary permeability, attract phagocytes
33
4 steps of phagocyte mobilization
leukocytosis: increase WBC
margination: phagocytes cling to inner wall
diapedesis: neutrophils flatten and squeeze through capillary walls
chemotaxis: draw neutrophils and WBC to injury site
34
what do antimicrobial proteins do
attack microorganisms directly to not allow for reproduction
35
what do larger vs smaller antimicrobial proteins do
larger: lytic enzymes to target cells
smaller: disrupt structure of cells
36
3 types of antimicrobial proteins
interferons, complement, transferrin iron-binding
37
what are interferons important for
interfere w/ viral replication of healthy cells, help fight cancer
38
what do alpha and beta interferons have
anti-viral properties, activate natural killer cells
39
what do gamma interferons do
enhance T cell activity, secreted by lymphocytes
40
3 types of effector proteins in complement system
classical, lectin, alternative
41
what does C3 turn into
opsonizes
42
what does C3a turn into
inflammatory response
43
which system are antibodies part of
adaptive
44
can innate immune system activate adaptive immune system
yes
45
what must third line defense be primed by
initial exposure
46
characteristics of 3rd line defense
antigen specific, systemic, memory
47
2 types of adaptive defense
humoral and cellular immunity
48
which cells attack target cells
direct lymphocytes
49
which lymphocytes are phagocytotic
indirect lymphocytes
50
what mediates humoral immunity
antibodies
51
what mediates cellular immunity
cells like lymphocytes
52
are incomplete antigens immunogenic
no, they are reactive but not immunogenic
53
are complete antigens reactive and immunogenic
yes they are both
54
do b lymphocytes have humoral response
yes
55
do t lymphocytes have cellular response
yes
56
do b lymphocytes secrete antibodies
yes
57
do t lymphocytes secrete antibodies
no
58
site of origin for b and t lymphocytes
red bone marrow
59
site of maturation for b lymphocytes
red bone marrow
60
site maturation for t lymphocytes
thymus
61
effector cells of b lymphocytes
plasma
62
effector cells of t lymphocytes
cytotoxic and regulatory
63
do b or t cells have memory formation
both cells do
64
what do antigen-presenting cells do
engulf antigens and send signals for t cells
65
class 1 vs class 2 MHC
66
what is made of the innate system
(1) skin, mucus, membrane secretions, (2) phagocytes, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, fever, inflammatory response
67
what is made of the adaptive defense system
(3) humoral and cellular immunity of T and B lymphocytes
68
what are antigenic determinants
immunogenic part of the antigen
69
how many antigenic determinants can mobilize many lymphocytes
1 can mobilize many
70
what do memory cells do
mount response in the future, are long lived, more exposure leads to faster response
71
when do antibody levels peak for humoral memory cells
2-3 days after exposure
72
what activates t cells
antigen presenting cells that bind to MHC complex
73
cellular immunity primary response includes
helper cells: activate B cells
cytotoxic cells: directly attack/kill c ells
regulatory: dampen immune response
74
when does immune response peak for cellular immunity
1 week
75
are memory cells included in primary or secondary response of cellular immunity
secondary
76
regulatory t cells function
dampen immune response, prevent autoimmune reaction
77
memory cells function
respond to future attack
78
b cells function
part of humoral response, have antibodies, mature in red bone marrow
79
helper t cells function
cellular immunity, target intracellular pathogens, mature in thymus
80
do b lymphocytes attack intra or extracellular pathogens
extracellular
81
do t lymphocytes attack intra or extracellular pathogens
intracellular
82
where do b cells become immunocompetent
red bone marrow
83
where do lymphocytes soon to be t cells develop immunocompetence
thymus
84
where do lymphocytes go after leaving red bone marrow
spleen, etc where they mature
85
def checkpoint inhibitor
drugs that block checkpoint which allows immune system to attack cancer cell
86
what is immunotherapy used for
87
what does the complement system do
for both innate and adaptive it activates antibodies and lectins to prevent pathogens from pass ing through
88
what activates complement proteins
pathogens or pathogen-bound antibodies that kill bacteria and other cell types
89
where do t cells mature
thymus
90
what does medulla of lymph node contain
b and t cells
91
2 types of lymph tissue
diffuse: loose arrangement
| lymphoid follicles: solid, tightly packed
92
what activates t cells
macrophages
93
what are the secondary lymph organs
peyer's patch, appendix, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
94
where is MALT located
tonsils, peyer's patch, appendix
95
where do lymphatic vessels transport lymph to
cardiovascular system
96
what's the difference b/w lysozome and mucin
lysozomes use enzymes to destroy bacteria in lungs and tears, mucin trap microorganisms in respiratory tract, etc
97
what are defensins
part of 1st immune response, antimicrobial peptides that control bacterial growth
98
what are the first responders for innate response
phagocytes
99
is completent system naturally active or innactive
innactive at rest
100
3 types of phagocytes
macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils
101
what do natural killer cells release
cytokines and cytoplasmic granules
102
steps of phagocytosis
1) adherence of the pathogen/debris to phagocytic cell
2) pseudopods forms and wraps around the pathogen/debris
3) phagosome is formed by engulfed cell
4) phagosome and lysosome fuse forming phagolysosome
5) acidification/digestion of pathogen/debris in phagolysosome,
6) exocytosis
103
function of hypodermis
anchors skin to muscle,
104
is hypodermis a layer of the skin
not technically
105
4 cell types of epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, merkel cells
106
keratinocytes def
produce keratin, most abundant, from stratum basale, mitosis
107
how often does our epidermis regenerate completely
25-45 days due to regeneration of keratinocytes
108
melanocytes
produce melanin. in stratum basale, protects from UV
109
dendritic cells
phagocytes, immune system activator
110
merkel cells
sensory receptor for touch
111
what does thickness of epidermis layers depend on
exposure to friction
112
what cells make up stratum basale
10-25% melanocytes, continuously dividing
113
what is the prickly layer of skin made of mostly keratinoctes and dendritic cells
stratum spinosum
114
where does keratinization begin
stratum granuolsum
115
what is the water resistant layer of skin
stratum granulosum
116
does stratum granulosum have blood supply
no blood supply
117
what layer is only present in thick skin
stratum lucidum
118
what is the thickest and outermost layer
stratum corneum
119
what layer of skin do we shed regulatrly
stratum corneum
120
which skin layer has glycolipids
stratum granulosum
121
what type of tissue is papillary and why
loose, elastin, collagen to allow phagocytes to move freely, is superficial and enhances friction
122
reticular layer purpose
give supporting strength
123
what does hemoglobin do for skin
causes pinkish hue of fair skin
124
what does carotene do for skin
causes yellow/orange color
125
2 forms of melanin
brown/black or reddish yellow depending on where you live
126
BMR def
energy cost of living, essential activities
127
what factors influence BMR
age, gender, body temp, stress, thyroxine
128
what is thyroxine used for
metabolic hormone, determines BMR, uses ATP to operate Na/K pump, consumes oxygen and heat production
129
what is the metabolic hormone we need to know
thyroxine
130
what hormones indicate hunger
ghrelin, glucagon
131
what are neural signals mediated by
vagus nerve
132
total metabolic rate
includes BMR, thermal effect of food, and physical activity
| *amount of heat produced by all chemical reactions and work
133
how much heat is lost insensible through evaporation
10%
134
how does the hypothalamus help with thermoregulation
receives info from central thermoreceptors (core) and peripheral thermoreceptors (skin)
135
what happens for infants to thermoregulate that's different than adults
increase metabolic rate and thyroxine release
136
heat loss thermoregulation mechanisms
bv dilation, enhanced sweating
137
thermoregulation heat promoting mechanisms
shivering, increased metabolic rate, bv constriction
138
hyperthermia
BT above 105 F
139
heat stroke
neuro, physical, possible organ damage
140
hypothermia
BT below 70F, shivering stopped
141
compare humoral and cellular immunity
```
humoral= antibody
cellular= cells attacking (lymphocytes)
```
142
MHC I vs MHC II location
I: endogenous= inside cell
II: exogenous= outside cell
143
how much of the stratum basale are melanocytes
10-25%
144
where does energy lost as heat go
making bonds, muscle contraction, friction from blood flow
145
what does leptin do
suppress appetite, suppress neuropeptide Y (enhances appetitie normally)
146
def thermoregulation
ability to regulate CORE temp
