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Spring 2022 classes > A&P exam 4 > Flashcards

A&P exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what cells make testosterone

A

leydic cells= interstitial

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2
Q

what hormones regulate spermatogenesis

A

FSH and testosterone

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3
Q

what cations are found in ECF

A

Na+

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4
Q

what anions are found in ECF

A

Cl

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5
Q

what cations are found in ICF

A

K+

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6
Q

what anion is found in ICF

A

hydrogen phosphate

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7
Q

what is interstitial fluid composition similar to for ions

A

plasma

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8
Q

if blood osmolality increases, what happens to thirst

A

thirst is triggered = release ADH

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9
Q

what happens if osmolality decreases

A

inhibits thirst= no ADH release

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10
Q

ADH role

A

tells kidney to reabsorb water

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11
Q

where is aldosterone released from

A

adrenal cortex, a steroid hormone

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12
Q

ANP targets

A

hypothalamus to inhibit ADH, kidneys to release renin, adrenal cortex to inhibit aldosterone

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13
Q

where are osmoreceptors found

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

where are baroreceptors found

A

large vessels on posterior pituitary

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15
Q

what does ADH cause

A

water reabsorption from kidneys, reduce urine volume, decrease Na+ concentration, increase ECF osmolality

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16
Q

what does ADH lead to

A

raised plasma volume and decrease ECF osmolality

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17
Q

ANP primary role

A

inhibit kidney collecting ducts, shuts off mechanism that increases BP

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18
Q

if BP is increased what will happen

A

ANP levels increase = decrease blood volume to restore BP levels

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19
Q

what type of urine do aldosterone and ADH form

A

concentrated urine

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20
Q

what type of urine does ANP form

A

large amount of dilute urine b/c less sodium and water reabsorbed

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21
Q

what part of the penis fills for erection

A

corpus cavernosum

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22
Q

what happens for ejaculation

A

contraction of ducts and glands that produce seminal fluid to cause muscle contraction

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23
Q

where does spermatogensis occur

A

seminiferous tubules

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24
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take

A

74 days

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25
Q

where are sperm stored

A

cauda epidiymis and vas deferens

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26
Q

steps of meosis and mitosis

A
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27
Q

what happens after meiosis 1

A

46 (2n) chromosomes converted to 23 chromosomes (n)

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28
Q

2 types of spermatogonia

A

Ap= lighter color, less dense
Ad= regenerate, darker, denser
Ap give rise to type B

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29
Q

where are Leydig cells located

A

near seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

where is FSH released from

A

pituitary gland

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31
Q

what does FSH do

A

causes sertolic cells to produce androgen binding protein; also increases # LH receptors causing more testosterone to be produced= maintain spermatogensis

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32
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

hypothalamic hormone, when released goes to anterior pituitary; produces LH and FSH

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33
Q

phases of spermiogenic sperm production

A
  1. golgi: starts growing flagella, lots of cytoplasm
  2. cap: head emerges from acrosomal granule
  3. acrosome: nucleus becomes longer and forms distinct head cap and acrosome
  4. maturation: finishing differentiation to produce mature sperm
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34
Q

phases of spermatogenesis

A

proliferative: making B spermatogonia by mitosis
meiotic: begins w/ primary spermatocytes > 1st meiotic division>secondary spermatocytes > 2nd meiotic division
spermiogenic phase: spermatids undergo differentiation to make mature sperm

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35
Q

capacitation of sperm

A

in female reproductive tract, removal of decapaciting factor that allows sperm to have hyperactive motility, bind to zona pellucida, weakens acrosomal membranes

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36
Q

cowper’s glamd

A

5% semen, clear fluid, mucoproteins, lubrication

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37
Q

prostate gland

A

15-30% ejaculate, produces PSA to help activate sperm motility, Ca, Zn

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38
Q

seminal vesicle

A

45-80% semen, fructose and prostaglandins, coagulation semen

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39
Q

what can absence of fructose mean

A

vas deferens is missing/not functional

40
Q

what is the primary female reproductive organ

A

ovary

41
Q

when deos oogenesis number peak

A

20 weeks as a fetus= gonad has maximal oogonial content

42
Q

when does body temp go up by 1 C

A

luteal phase

43
Q

why does body temp go up by 1 C in luteal phase

A

higher level progesterone

44
Q

when do ovaries begin producing estrogen

A

after puberty begins

45
Q

what can increase in estrogen cause

A

breast development, increased skin vascularization, increase adipose tissue

46
Q

what are estrogen levels controlled by

A

negative feedback

47
Q

when does puberty in females begin

A

when GnRH levels increase

48
Q

what hormones stimulate the ovarian cycle

A

LH and FSH

49
Q

what happens during secretory phase of menstrual cycle

A

during luteal phase, endometrium develops blood vessels and glands

50
Q

what phase of menstrual cycle has highest level progesterone

A

luteal

51
Q

what stage menstrual cycle has highest body temp, lowest LH and FSH

A

luteal

52
Q

when does estrogen peak

A

highest during follicular phase and is mid-level during luteal

53
Q

when does progesterone peak

A

highest in luteal b/c made by corpus luteum= forms after ovulation

54
Q

when is LH highest

A

luteal phase, peaks during ovulation

55
Q

when are FSH levels highest

A

in follicular phase and peak at ovulation

56
Q

after ovulation, egg is only fertilizable for how long

A

12-24 hours

57
Q

how long can sperm live for

A

72 hours

58
Q

what events occur during ovulation

A

estrogen peak before ovulation, LH and FSH peak during ovulation, prostaglandins released that facilitate oocyte release from Graafian follicle’ uterine cycle shifts to secretory phase

59
Q

when do watery secretions occur from cervix

A

during fertile period when estrogen levels peak before ovulation

60
Q

when is thick mucus secreted from cervix

A

infertile period, after ovulation and corpus luteum produces progesterone

61
Q

why does FSH increase at end of luteal phase

A

FSH is repressed by high levels of progesterone and estradiol so they go down and negative inhibition of FSH is lifted

62
Q

2 cell theory

A
  • theca produce androgens when LH binds

- FSH binds to granulosa cells and convert into estrogens

63
Q

what do intermediate levels of estrogen exert negative feedback on

A

hypothalamus, so LH and FSH aren’t released

64
Q

when is there sudden positive feedback during follicular phase

A

levels of estradiol raise before ovulation; causes surge in LH and FSH

65
Q

what declines when corpus luteum is disintegrated

A

thickness of endometrium

66
Q

when does endometrium get thicker

A

during follicular phase when estrogens are high

67
Q

what happens after blastocyst moves to uterus

A

starts dividing down the fallopian tube

68
Q

what are the stages of implantation

A

apposition, adhesion, invasion

69
Q

what happens during apposition stage of implantation

A

blastocyst finds spot on endometrium to eventually stick

70
Q

what happens during adhesion stage of implantation

A

blastocyst sticks onto endometrium

71
Q

what happens during invasion stage of implantation

A

cells from blasocyst will start moving into cell layer of endometrium

72
Q

what hormone makes up the placenta

A

hCG, which is produced around 7 days after ovulation and goes up rapidly

73
Q

what are cytorophoblasts

A

proliferative cells that produce S-trophoblasts

74
Q

what are syncytiotrophoblasts

A

functional cells that make up placenta

75
Q

when are syncytiotrophoblasts present

A

6 days after implantation and functional placenta at day 7

76
Q

what maintains corpus luteum

A

LH

77
Q

what is the #1 source of progesterone

A

LH

78
Q

when does placenta start making hCG

A

after placenta can make enough progesterone and is used to maintain corpus luteum for 8-10 weeks

79
Q

what do syncytiotrophoblasts do

A

synethsize hormones and steroids needed for pregnancy

80
Q

what is needed to prevent the corpus luteum from degenerating

A

hCG

81
Q

what are the ways of placental transport of nutrients to fetus

A

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

82
Q

what does simple diffusion do

A

moves gases, water, electrolytes across placenta

83
Q

what does facilitated diffusion do

A

move glucose, lactic acid using some energy

84
Q

what does active transport do

A

move amino acids, vitamins, minerals across placenta, uses some energy

85
Q

are oxygen levels the same for mom and fetus

A

yes, always

86
Q

what nutrients preferentially goes to fetus

A

iron and glucose

87
Q

what can cause hemorrhage of pregnancy

A

placenta erruption and placenta previa

88
Q

what is placenta abruption

A

serious, painful hemorrhage that can result in loss of fetus

89
Q

what is placenta previa

A

painless bleeding during 3rd trimester, not serious

90
Q

meiosis I summary

A

type B divide to become primary spermatocyte. replicated chromosome seeks out partner
**chromosome # goes from 46>23

91
Q

what does meiosis 2 do

A

converts secondary spermatoctyes (n) to spermatids (n

92
Q

mitosis 1 steps

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

93
Q

result of mitosis

A

2 diploid cells from 1 mother cell

94
Q

when do chromosomes synapse and form tetrads

A

meiosis 1

95
Q

what part of the accessory organs already contains sperm

A

epididymis- it is stored there and ready to be used for semen

96
Q

order of accessory glands pass through

A

cowper’s > prostate > ampulla > epididymis > seminal vesicles

97
Q

why do S-trophoblasts appear when they do

A

hCG increase allows them to

Spring 2022 classes (22 decks)

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