neuroscience exam 1 Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
multiple sclerosis is associated with degratation of myelin in what type of brain matter
A
white matter
2
Q
what is the role of association fibers in the brain
A
connect areas within the same hemisphere: either between gyri or between lobes depending on the length of the fibers
3
Q
arcuate fasciculus role
A
connect 2 areas responsible for speech, are found on the dominant hemisphere and damage= language problems
4
Q
inferior longitudinal fasiculus role
A
connects temoroal lobe + occipital, processes visual cues
5
Q
uncinate fasciculus role
A
connects limbic system in different lobes, is made of WHITE matter
6
Q
when may split brain surgery occur
A
epilepsy b/c stops over-signaling between hemispheres
7
Q
anterior commissure main role
A
pain sensation
8
Q
posterior commisure role
A
pupillary reflex
9
Q
corona radiata form what
A
internal capsule: carries fibers b/w cortex, spinal cord, deep forebrain structures
10
Q
what cells make up basal ganglia
A
technically large nuclei
11
Q
subthalamic nucleus location
A
diencephalon
12
Q
nucleus accumbens location
A
anterior part of striatum
13
Q
nucleus accumbens function
A
limbic part of basal ganglia
14
Q
what makes up the striatum
A
caudate nucleus and putamen
15
Q
where does the info from basal ganglia come from and go
A
from regions surrounding cerebral cortex, processes, sends back to the cortex and brainstem
16
Q
what other parts of the brain are basal ganglia connected with
A
cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem
17
Q
what do associative circuit of basal ganglia influence
A
motor learning, prioritizing, importance of stimuli, goal directed behavior
18
Q
what part of the brain makes a decision if you should run the yellow light or not
A
associative circuit of basal ganglia
19
Q
what part of the brain is responsible for formation of habits like bruxism (clench teeth)
A
associative and motor circuits of basal ganglia
20
Q
what circuit includes emotional gestures, postures, facial expressions
A
limbic
21
Q
what circuit is important for addiction and schizophrenia
A
limbic circuit
22
Q
what are some conditions that are associated with damage to basal ganglia
A
parkinson’s, huntington’s, schizophrenia, OCD
23
Q
what are the main functions of the limbic system
A
motivation, emotion, learning, memory
24
Q
what is the function of the cingulate gyrus
A
memory and emotional processing and ANS control
25
what part of the brain does memory processing of olfactory memories
parahippocamal gyri
26
what 2 systems does the limbic lobe influence
endocrine and autonomic
27
what part of basal ganglia plays a role in sexual arousal and the "high" from pleasurable activities like drugs
nucleus accumbens
28
what lobe is the hippocampus found in
temporal lobe
29
what is the role of hippocampus
consolidate info from short term to long term memory, memory retrieval, spatial navigation
30
what part of the brain are new nerve cells generated
hippocampus
31
what area of the brain is greatly affected by Alzheimer's disease
hippocampus
32
what is the fornix
part of the hippocampus involved in memory pathways
33
what are mamillary bodies
ends of anterior arches of the fornix that are important for recollective memory
34
why are smell and emotion often related
the olfactory system is structurally close to limbic structures
35
what is the amygdala structurally
groups of nuceli, found deep, in temporal lobe
36
what is the function of the amygdala
emotional center, autonomic response to fear and arousal, activates SNS, motivation and overt emotional behavior
37
septal nuclei role
pleasure, reward, reinforcement (part of the limbic system)
38
where is the hypothalamus found structurally
near pituitary gland, in diencephalon
39
what is the role of hypothalamus
homeostasis, regulates neuro-endocrine activity, basic drives and goal directed behavior
40
specific jobs of hypothalamus in the body
release hormones, maintain physiological cycles, control appetite, manage sexual behaviors, regulate emotions
41
mesolimbic dopamine pathway
VTA: produces dopamine to tell us what to think of the experience
42
left hemisphere function
more mathematical: speech, language, comprehension, time, numbers
43
right hemisphere function
creative thinking, spatial awareness, non-verbal communication
44
layers of cerebal cortex (6 total)
2&4: sensory interneurons in ganglia
3&5: pyramidal cells: upper motor neurons
45
primary cortex of cerebal cortex function
receive input
46
associative cortex of cerebral cortex function
interpretation
47
nonfluenct Brocha's aphasia
impairment of speech
48
wernike's aphasia
inability to understand written or verbal language, may produce speech but the words don't make sense
49
expressive aphasia
damage to primary motor cortex that prevents purposeful speech and makes learning difficult
50
central sulcus structure
divides frontal and parietal lobes
51
pre-central gyrus vs post-central gyrus
primary motor area, somatosensory area
52
role of the primary motor cortex
voluntary movement
53
role of pre-frontal cortex
plan: personality, social cues, executive function, etc
54
function of somatosensory cortex
how we recognize feelings and sensations including PAIN
55
stereognosia vs asterognosia
ability to feel an object, inability to feel an object
56
function of post-parietal area
spatial awareness, body scheme, orientation in space
57
what area of the brain does anesthesia work on
somatosensory cortex
58
where are sensations seen in the brain
homunculus
59
what does a visual field deficiency mean
part of the visual field and your ability to see is damaged
60
brodman's areas: primary motor cortex
4
61
brodman's areas: pre-motor and supplementary
6
62
brodman's areas: wernike
22
63
brodman's areas: somatosensory
3, 1, 2
64
brodman's areas: posterior parietal
7
65
brodman's areas: prefrontal cortex
9-12
66
what are the components of the forebrain
cortex and subcortical structures, telencephalon and diencephalon
67
what are the components of telencephalon
cerebral cortex and subcortical structures
68
what are the components of diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
69
lobes of brain (6): frontal
motor cortex, pre-fronal cortex, broca's, cingulate gyrus
70
lobes of brain (6): parietal
somatosensory cortex
71
lobes of brain (6): insula
emotion, pain, cravings, addiction
72
is the cerebral cortex made of white or grey matter
grey
73
sulci vs gyri of cerebral cortex
named for location: grooves, named for function: ridges
74
what are the subcortical structures
amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, septal nuclei, association projection, commosural fibers
75
what are the parts of the cerebellum
hindbrain, pons, medulla
76
sensory neurons aka
afferent
77
motor neurons
efferent
78
where do interneurons communicate between
within the brain and spinal cord
79
what are some functions of neurons
receive, integrate, transmit, and transfer information
80
function of a cell nucleus
synthesize NT, hormones, and proteins
81
function of rough ER
manufacture proteins
82
function of smooth ER
manufacture lipids, carbs, steroids, cholesterol, does cellular respiration
83
golgi apparatus function
package protein
84
lysozome function
digest organelles
85
free ribosome function
manufacture protein
86
what is the structure of a dendrite
an extension of the soma, increases surface area
87
where are the greatest density of sodium channels found
axon hillock
88
where does the cell decide whether or not to create a signal
in the axon hillock of the axon
89
what is the function of myelin in cells
protect, insulate, speed up signal to the next axon
90
what part of the axon allows for faster conduction
nodes of ranvier
91
where does an antegrade transport signal go
from soma to axon terminals= continues on
92
where does a retrograde transport signal go
from terminals to soma= breaks down or maintains survival of neurons
93
what ions are found in the nervous system
Cl, Ca, K, Na
94
how many mV is resting potential
-70 mV inside the membrane
95
how many mV is action potential
-55mV inside the membrane
96
what is action potential dictated by
sodium channels opening and closing; all or none response, has a refractory period
97
steps of depolarization
action potential reaches membrane, calcium channels open, calcium triggers the release of NT, NT bind causing sodium to flow in
98
what are ionotropic receptors
fast, ligand receptors in post-synapse
99
what are metabotropic receptors
slow, g-protein receptrs in post-synapse
100
glutamate
excitatory, opens sodium channels
101
gaba
inhibitory, decreases electrical activity and may be used as tx for seizures
102
glycine
inhibitory
103
ACH
excitatory
104
biogenic amines definition
made by the body itself
105
biogenic amines examples with exhitatory or inhibitory
dopamine (- or +)
norepinephrine/epinephrine (+)
serotonin: (+ or -)
dopamine: (+ or -)
histamine (+)
106
what NT is associated with alzheimer's
acetacholine
107
what NT is associated with depression
serotonin
108
what NT is associated with migraines or seizures
glutamate
109
what NT is associated with schizphrenia and parkinson's
dopamine
110
what cells transmit signals at the myelin sheath and help protect and insulate
oligodendroglia
111
what are microglia
immune cells in the CNS that release inflammatory substances
112
what are polydendrocytes
stem cells in the brain
113
what do ependymal cells do
line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord
114
functions of the blood brain barrier
maintain homeostasis, isolate and protect the brain, tight junctions, limit drugs that can cross the barrier
115
soma vs axon
gray matter vs white matter
116
what are some functions of the nervous system
perception, interpret sensations, learning, memory, sleep, healing, thirst, stress, puberty, hunger
117
what are the 3 parts of a neuron
soma, axon, dendrite
118
what types of cells are neuroglia
glial, not excitable
119
what are different types of glial cells
ependymal, oligodendrocytes, satellite, schwann, microlia, astocytes
120
what are 3 tracts in the brain
fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus
121
compare upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons
made of cell bodies in the CNS and brain vs made of cell bodies in the ANTERIOR horn of spinal cord
122
rostral corresponds with what area of the brain
anterior
123
rostral corresponds with what area of the spinal cord
superior
124
caudal corresponds with what area of the spinal cord
inferior
125
functions of the spinal cord
coordinate reflexes, transmit sensory and motor information
126
are axons myelinated or demyelinated
myelinated
127
what is the axoplasm
cytoplasm of the neuron made of dissolved nutrients
128
what is an example of retrograde transport
herpes virus, it lies dormant until activated because it stays in the soma and doesn't get broken down
129
at rest, describe the concentration of ions inside and outside of a cell
K+ higher inside, Na+ higher outside, Cl- higher outside= more negatively charged outside of the cell
130
the ion pump of the cell moves __ Na+ out of the neuron for every __ K+
3, 2
131
what ion primarily determines the membrane potential of the resting neuron
K+
132
what is a decrease in the negative charge within the neuron called
depolarization
133
what is an increase in the negative charge within the neuron called
hyperpolarization
134
what is returning to -70mV called
repolarization
135
steps of action potential
1. stimulus causes Na+ channels to open
2. then K+ channels open= depolarization b/c K+ leaves the cell
3. Na+ close= repolarization
4. K+ stay open a little too long= hyperpolarization
5. ion concentration returns to -70 mV at resting levels
6. refractory period: new action potential can't be generated
7. Na/K restores homeostasis for an energy price
136
steps of synaptic transmission
1. synthesis: ER synthesizes enzymes (GABA, glutamate)
2. storage: store in synaptic vesicles ready for release
3. release: influx of Ca++ triggers synaptic cleft vesicles to depolarize
4. reception: depends on NT and receptor that bind here; temporospatial summation is required to elicit the action potential
5. deactivation: catabolism by enzymes, diffusion out of synaptic cleft
137
substance P functions
stimulates nerve endings at the site of injury, acts as NT in the spinal cord, modulates immune response in times of stress
138
endogenous opioid peptides definition
bind to same postsynaptic receptors as opium
139
endogenous opioid peptide classes (3)
endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins
140
3 types of neuro peptides
substance P, endogenous opiod peptides, calcitonin gene related peptide
141
what is calcitonin gene related peptide related to
inflammatory, pain, migraines
142
what are schwann cells
myelinating cells in PNS
143
what does the mirror neuron system allow us to do
motor learning through imitation, empathy
144
cingulate gyrus vs parahippocampal gyri
sensory w/ emotions, emotional response to pain, fear conditioning vs memory creation
145
3 gyri of temporal lobe functions
superior: hear and interpret
middle: contemplate distance and recognize faces
inferior: object recognition
146
what part of the diencephalon is info initially interpreted and then sent to where it needs to go
thalamus
147
the thalamus relays info between ______ and _______
brainstem and cerebral cortex
148
what is the pulvinar
part of the thalamus that manages association area in each of the 4 lobes
149
thalamic reticular nucleus is
part of the thalamus that regulates other nuclei
150
medial geniculate body vs lateral geniculate body
auditory input vs visual input
151
hypothalamus functions
homeostasis, circadian rhythm, sleep and awake clock, respond to environmental stimuli, satiety center, goal directed behavior, sex drive, ANS regulation
152
hypothalamus connects what 2 systems
nervous and endocrine
153
what system is the hypothalamus functionally part of
limbic
154
what 2 hormones does hypothalamus secrete
ADH and oxytocin
155
ADH function
increases water retention
156
oxytocin function
social interactions, human behavior
157
epithalamus function
emotional and visceral response, seasonal cycle regulation, sleep
158
the epithalamus connects what system with other parts of the body
limbic
159
what does the pineal gland do
release melatonin
160
what are functions of the subthalamus
movement and muscle tone
161
what is hemiballismus
movement disorder with sudden involuntary movements that only happens on one side of the body
162
what part of the diencephalon is related to hemiballismus
subthalamus
163
what are 3 functions of meninges
protect, contain sinuses, contain blood vessels
164
what are the 2 layers of dura matter
periosteal (outer) and meningeal (inner)
165
3 dural reflections
falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli
166
what part of the meninges is pain sensitive
dura matter
167
what are 3 functions of dura matter
anchor, protect, limit movement
168
what are dural spaces
not real spaces so if there's excess blood or swelling in the area, it can cause serious problems and compression of parts of the brain
169
what structure is the thalamus
paired egg-like
170
what part of the brain is the gatekeeper to the cortex
thalamus
171
functions of the thalamus
process sensory info- but not olfactory, connect parts of the brain to each other, integrate cognitive and emotional info
172
what part of the brain may be involved in narcolepsy
hypothalamus
173
what part of the diencephalon responds to odors
epithalamus
174
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
separates the cerebrumhemispheres
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
separates 2 cerebellar hemispheres
175
inferior longitudinal fasiculus
connects temporal lobe and occipital lobe, involved in processing and modulating visual cues
176
commissural fibers function
connect corresponding areas of the brain in each hemisphere
177
corpus callosum
largest cortical commissure, allows for coordinated activity
178
3 parts of corpus callosum
genu: anterior part, connects frontal lobes
body: connects 2 parietal lobes with each other
splenium: posterior part, connects occipital and temporal lobes
179
what is the role of the internal capsule
transmit information to and from the cerebral cortex for motor control
180
what is the function of the tentorium cerebelli
supports occipital lobes of brain
181
what connects the arachnoid matter
connected to pia matter by arachnoid trabeculae
182
what is the function of arachnoid granulations
reabsorbs CSF to prevent build up
183
what space in the brain meninges is considered "real space"
subarachnoid
184
what hemorrhage always requires surgery to repair it otherwise it will keep swelling and bleeding and compresses the entire brain
subarachnoid hemorrhage
185
describe pia matter
adheres tightly to the brain and parenchyma, is a VERY thin layer like cling film
186
what is the barrier between the brain tissue and CSF
pia matter
187
are the spinal meninges real space or not
yes, they are real space, provides area b/w cervical spine and SC
188
spinal block vs epidural
1 injection that is analgesia, catheter used in L&D
189
what vertebra does the spinal cord approximately end on
S2
190
what can be used to r/i or r/o conditions in the neuro space and analyze what is going on in the CNS
lumbar puncture
191
what ligament is in the pia mater and attaches to the dura
denticulate ligament
192
what connects the lateral ventricle with the third ventricle
interventricular foramen
193
what are the ventricles of the brain
lateral (2), interventricular foramen, third, aqueduct of midbrain, fourth
194
what connects the lateral and third ventricles with the fourth ventricle
aqueduct of the midbrain
195
what produces CSF
ependymal cells in the choroid plexus
196
what is CSF derived from
blood plasma
197
does CSF have protein in it
no, it's nearly protein free compared to other plasma
198
VP shunt vs VA shunt for hydrocephalus: for right atrium
VP: can be temporary or permanent depending on who it is for
VA: is permanent, only used when absolutely necessary
199
functions of CSF
cushion and support brain, continuous exchange b/w parenchyma, maintain stable intracranial pressure, secrete NT
200
internal carotid system
brings arterial blood to the brain from the anterior, medial, and lateral cerebrum
201
vertebrobasilar system
brings arterial blood to the brain from the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior cerebrum
202
what connects the internal carotid system and vertebrobasilar systems
circle of willis
203
define infarct
occlusion
204
what is the basilar artery
junction of pons and medulla vertebral arteries
205
what is the most common site of a stroke
middle cerebral artery
206
what does the middle cerebral artery supply
deep structures medially, damage to CL motor and sensory loss of face
207
what does the anterior cerebral artery include
LE representation on motor and sensory cortex
208
what does the posterior cerebral artery supply
occipital, medial, inferior, temporal lobes and upper brainstem, thalamus
209
PCA cortical vascular syndrome
cortical: CL visual and agnosia deficits, weakness and sensory loss
210
PCA central vascular syndrome symptoms
pain and dysthesias (abnormal sensations)
211
locked-in syndrome
occurs when only the eys are able to move, is very rare
212
thrombi- damage to vascular system
build up of plaque obstructing blood flow
213
emboli- damage to vascular system
break free and travel in arteries until they are blocked
214
hemorrhage- damage to vascular system
ruptured aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation
215
how does venous blood flow in the brain
from the body to sinuses
216
what arteries supply the spinal cord
anterior and posterior spinal artery
217
what artery supplies the lower SC area
artery of adamkiewicz
218
what fossa does the brainstem sit in
posterior cranial fossa
219
functions of the brainstem
conduit, contains cranial nerve nuclei, some descending pathways originate here, respiratory center
220
what peripheral nerves start in the brainstem
9/12 of them
221
anterior part of midbrain is called
tegmentum
222
what is included in the tegmentum of the midbrain
reticular formation
223
what is the posterior part of the midbrain called
tectum (roof)
224
anterior midbrain includes what peducncles
2 cerebral peduncles motor tracts
225
what do the substantia nigra do
produce dopamine
226
what does the reticular formation do
arousal and alertness
227
what does the ventral tegmenta area do
release dopamine to the nucleus accumbens
228
what nuclei are in the posterior part of the midbrain
2 pairs of collicui
229
how can you tell the difference between anterior and posterior midbrain
posterior has 2 pairs of colliculi
230
what (ONE) cranial nerve is found in posterior part of midbrain
cranial nerve 4
231
what's included in the central midbrain
cerebral aqueduct and periaqueductal gray: this is where a decrease in pain is felt
232
what cranial nerve is in the anterior midbrain
cranial nerve 3
233
what cranial nerves are in the anterior pons
5, 6, 6, 8
234
what do the superior cerebellar peduncles do
efferent signaling from afferent (middle and inferior)
235
what do pontine nuclei include
sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing, equilibrium
236
where do ascending afferent tracts pass through
pons
