Exam 1

Question 1

characteristics of skeletal muscle fiber

Answer 1

multinucleated, driven by activity and side, have phenotypes (I, IIa, IIx)

Question 2

sarcolemma vs sarcoplasm

Answer 2

muscle fiber plasma membrane, muscle fiber cytoplasm

*both make up a muscle fiber

Question 3

organelles in muscle fiber used in contraction

Answer 3

transverse tubules: conduct e- impulses
sarcoplasmic reticulum: channel parallel to myofibril and storage site for calcium
myofibrils

Question 4

how are force and speed related and why is this important

Answer 4

inversely related; when more cross-bridges form (= greater force available), there is no change in the speed of the potential contraction)

Question 5

what can increase the force of a muscle contraction

Answer 5

enzymes and catecholamines

Question 6

what does the length of the muscle have to do with the number of cross bridges that can form

Answer 6

when a muscle is stretched, the active force decreases and passive force increase due to elasticity. when the muscle is at optimal length, it can form the highest number of cross bridges. this depends on the muscle itself

Question 7

3 features of spinal cord that are unique

Answer 7

cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement, dura matter and arachnoid matter; all of these help protect the spinal cord

Question 8

where is cerebral spinal fluid found

Answer 8

b/w arachnoid and pia matter= subarachnoid space

Question 9

what is epidural space and where is it found

Answer 9

fat, found b/w vertebrae and dura matter

Question 10

what do lateral horns innervate

Answer 10

visceral organs within the ANS; efferent

Question 11

what do dorsal horns innervate

Answer 11

sensory region= afferent

Question 12

what do ventral horns innervate

Answer 12

ANS and skeletal muscle= efferent

Question 13

what nervous system is voluntary

Answer 13

somatic; voluntary muscle movement

Question 14

what are the 3 layers of protection of vertebrae

Answer 14

(inside) pia matter, arachnoid matter, dura matter (outside)

Question 15

what is the name of the smallest contractile unit

Answer 15

sarcomere

Question 16

where is the sarcomere found

Answer 16

from 1 z disc to another z disc

Question 17

which muscle fiber type increases/changes with training

Answer 17

type IIa fibers

Question 18

what type of muscle fiber does not change with exercise

Answer 18

type I fiber

Question 19

what is cranial nerve 3 called

Answer 19

oculomotor

Question 20

what is cranial nerve 10 called

Answer 20

vagus nerve

Question 21

what is cranial nerve 9 called

Answer 21

glossopharyngeal

Question 22

what is cranial nerve 7 called

Answer 22

facial nerve

Question 23

what is the difference b/w ioniotropic and metabotropic receptors

Answer 23

ion: carries through an ion channel
metab: g protein w/ accessory

Question 24

what stage of nREM sleep do sleep spindles form

Answer 24

stage 2

Question 25

what stage of nREM sleep do delta waves appear

Answer 25

stage 3 and 4

Question 26

are delta waves normally found in awake adults

Answer 26

no, if they are then it indicates possible brain damage

Question 27

where is the spinal cord found on the body

Answer 27

b/w and foramen magnus and T2

Question 28

what parts of the brain are involved in non-declarative memories

Answer 28

skills- basal nuclei, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra

Question 29

what parts of the brain are used for declarative memories

Answer 29

events/dates/etc basal ganglia, hipocampus, association cortex, cerebellum

Question 30

what brain waves have the highest frequency

Answer 30

beta

Question 31

what brain waves have low amplitude

Answer 31

alpha

Question 32

what brain waves have high amplitude

Answer 32

delta

Question 33

what brain waves are very irregular

Answer 33

theta

Question 34

what stage of sleep does dreaming occur

Answer 34

REM

Question 35

what stage of sleep do night terrors occur

Answer 35

nREM 4

Question 36

what part of the brain is in control of memory consolidation

Answer 36

hippocampus

Question 37

where is dopamine released and is related to non-declarative memory

Answer 37

substantia nigra- helps w/ reward and movement

Question 38

how is LTM activated

Answer 38

Ach is released from basal forebrain

Question 39

what binds to troponin

Answer 39

calcium

Question 40

what activates actin and myosin binding site

Answer 40

ATP binds to actin

Question 41

what happens when the muscle relaxes

Answer 41

tropomyosin blockage is restored and prevents further binding until Na binds again

Question 42

what are the 3 types of ionotropic receptors

Answer 42

thermo, electro, mechano

Question 43

types of metabolic

Answer 43

baroreceptor, proprioreceptor

Question 44

encapsulated vs unencapsulated receptors

Answer 44

specialized structures vs no specialized structures

Question 45

simple vs complex receptors

Answer 45

usually dendrites w/o specificity or protective structures | have specialized structure and function

Question 46

does the amount of blood going to the skeletal muscles increase or decrease when SNS is activated

Answer 46

decreases b/c extremities are seen as less important; which is why we can get fatigue

Question 47

are postganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated

Answer 47

unmyelinated

Question 48

are preganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated

Answer 48

myelinated

Question 49

what nervous system innervates blood vessels and sweat glands

Answer 49

sympathetic

Question 50

what nervous system innverates submandibular and sublingual glands

Answer 50

parasympathetic NS

Question 51

what happens if a muscle is longer than optimal length

Answer 51

actin and myosin are further apart and can't make contact as well together to form cross bridges

Question 52

what happens if the muscle is shorter than optimal length

Answer 52

the actin and myosin heads have trouble binding together b/c can't connect as easily

Question 53

how does the percentage of composure of satellite cells compare to the rest of the skeletal muscle

Answer 53

very small, about 15%

Question 54

what creates more myonuclei

Answer 54

satellite cells

Question 55

where are satellite cells located

Answer 55

basement membrane and plasma membrane

Question 56

where are myonuceli found

Answer 56

cytoplasm

Question 57

what do myonuclei do when muscle hypertrophy

Answer 57

increase the amount of protein, can also control the amount of cytoplasm

Question 58

EC coupling

Answer 58

sodium initiates action potential. calcium channels triggered, calcium binds to troponin, myosin attaches to actin, ATP is phosphorylized, calcium is removed, troponin blocks myosin sites and muscle fibers are removed