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From Flashcardlet > a3: environmental exchange > Flashcards

a3: environmental exchange Flashcards

0
Q

describe the functional division of the respiratory system?

A

conducting portion: nose, pharynx/larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
exchange portion: respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, aveolar ducts & sacs

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1
Q

describe the structural division of the respiratory system?

A

UPPER: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
LOWER: larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveolie

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2
Q

describe basic wall plan of tracheobronchial tree(inner most to outer most)

A

mucosa - epithelium, basment membrane, lamina propria plus smooth muscle and glands to secrete
submucosa - ring like hyaline cartilage
adventitia - connective tissue

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3
Q

what is mucosa?

A

epithelium with an underlying CT of a tube connecting to outside of the body

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4
Q

main, predominant tissue in alveoli?

A

elastic fibres/CT

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5
Q

general trend in respiratory wall structure?

A

general reduction in wall thickness and complexity with decreasing distance from gas exchange surfaces

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6
Q

what are some important trends in varying wall structure?

A

epithelial cells: pseudostratified -> simple
goblet cells: high -> low numbers..disappear @ tertiary bronchioles
cilia: reduction of surface covered..disappear @ respiratory bronchioles
cell height: columnar -> cuboidal -> squamous decrease in height
cartilage: ring shaped(trachea) -> plates & islands(bronchi)..disappear @ bronchioles downwards
glands: decrease in number..disappear @ bronchioles

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7
Q

if you inhale something where is it most likely to end up?

A

right primary bronchi to inferior lobe

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8
Q

difference between right and left lung?

A

right lung has 2 fissures(horizontal, oblique) and 3 lobes(inferior, middle, superior)
- liver extends extends upwards pushing dome of diaphragm on the right side slightly higher than left
left lung has one fissure(oblique) and 2 lobes(superior, inferior)
- has cardiac notch, where apex of heart extends into

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9
Q

what is the hilum?

A

point of attachment of vessels

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10
Q

relationship of lungs and pleura?

A

membrane lining the chest cavity and lungs.
cushion lungs
smooth movement of lungs within chest cavity: secrete fluid
allow alveoli to take in more air when breathing

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11
Q

what is the inter alveolar septum ?

A

wall between adjacent alveoli, contains extensive capillary network

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12
Q

what is COPD? and how does it compromise respiratory function?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease “narrowing of the airways”
severely compromises air conduction to and from respiratory surfaces

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13
Q

whats the most common cause of COPD?

A

smokinggg

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14
Q

how do irritants/smoke/toxins cause in the lungs?

A

(1) Inflammation of walls of bronchi and bronchioles -> thickening of walls -> narrowing of lumen -> reduced air flow
(2) Increasing mucus clogs lumen -> narrowing air flow
(3) Destruction of elastic fibres in alveoli -> reduction of alveoli recoil -> reduced ability to expel air and reduce surface area for gas exchange

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15
Q

what are the requirements of ventilation?

A

patent air pathways(open and free from obstruction)

generation of a reversible flow

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16
Q

how is patency of airways achieved?

A
  • rigid wall structure(bone in upper, cartilage in trachea and bronchi)
  • hydrostatic pressure
  • pulmonary surfactant
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17
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

outward pull on the walls of smaller air pathways(terminal/respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts) holds them open

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18
Q

what is pulmonary surfactant?

A

decreases alveolar surface tension

-> less inward pull on alveoli during expiration -> less effort required to stretch alveoli and expand lungs

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19
Q

describe the relationship between lung volume and pressure:

A

increase in V -> decrease in P -> inflow of air

decrease in V -> increase in P -> outflow of air

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20
Q

atmospheric air pressure =

A

760mmHg

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21
Q

alveolar pressure =

A

758mmHg inhalation

762mmHg expiration

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22
Q

how do muscles contribute to volume of lungs?

A

contraction of muscle = EXPANSION in volume of thoracic cavity

  • external intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
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23
Q

how does lung tissue contribute to volume of lungs?

A

elastic recoil of lungs and relaxation of previously contracted muscles reduced volume of thoracic cavity

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24
Q

role of pleura in ventilation?

A

surface tension of pleura fluid adheres pleural membranes ->
lungs pull outwards when thoracic volume increases pleural fluid produces bond between parietal and visceral pleura
preventing collapse of lungs

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25
Q

intrapulmonary pressure refers to pressure within _____?

A

alveoli of the lungs

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26
Q

is inspiration active or passive process?

A

active, due to contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

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27
Q

differences between normal and forced labour ventilation?

A

forced/labour ventilation uses an extra set of muscles during expiration
internal intercostal muscles depress ribs increase intra-thoracic pressure
abdominal muscles increase intra-abdominal pressure

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28
Q

what is the blood air barrier?

A

respiratory membrane of the interaveolar septum

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29
Q

state malfunctions of air modification:

A

environmental overload eg. smoking

cystic fibrosis

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30
Q

main changes to air before it reaches gas exchange site:

A

FILTERED: remove debris and/or pathogens
WARMED: to that similar of body temp
HUMIDIFIED: so gas exchange surfaces don’t dry out

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31
Q

where is air filtered?

A

vibrissae (nose hairs)
sticky mucus traps fine particles -> transferred to pharynx
dust cells(alveolar Macrophages) engulf any particles that reach alveoli

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32
Q

how is the removal of pathogens in air achieved?

A

defence cells in lumina propria

muco-ciliary escalator

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33
Q

where is air humidified?

A

seromucous glands(saturate air with water vapour)

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34
Q

where is inspired air warmed?

A

venous plexus in nasal mucosa

heat transferred from warm blood in superficial vessels to colder air in nostrils

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35
Q

breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because?

A

air is warmed upon inhalation

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36
Q

consequences of smoking on respiratory system?

A
  • direct toxic affects on CILIA -> inability to clear mucus and trapped pathogens -> smokers cough
  • rapid replacement of epithelial cells
  • excess mucus production and accumulation -> more prone to bacterial infection -> reduced diameter of airways
37
Q

requirements of efficient gas exchange in lungs

A

air must have been modified
large surface area
thin barrier
mechanisms to drive exchange eg. conc gradient, gas solubility

38
Q

how is larger surface area achieved in lungs?

A

interalveolar septum -> extensive surface area and minimum distance between air in alveoli and blood

39
Q

what does henry’s law state?

A

increase pressure on gas and solution more gas molecules will dissolve in solution until equilibrium is reached
decrease pressure on gas and solution and gas molecules will come out of solution until new equilibrium is reached

40
Q

daltons law states?

A

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture

41
Q

is the partial pressure of oxygen greater in atmospheric air or alveoli?

A

atmospheric!

42
Q

describe the structure of respiratory membrane:

A

thin layer of surfactant
type 1 alveolar epithelial
fused basal laminae
capillary endothelial cells

43
Q

how are variations in the volume of the lungs brought about?

A

contraction of muscles
elastic recoil of lungs
thoracic cage compliance

44
Q

role of pleura in ventilation?

A

bond between parietal and visceral pleura prevents lung collapse

45
Q

what does the visceral pleura cover?

A

surface of lungs

46
Q

what does the parietal pleura cover?

A

thoracic cavity

47
Q

what maintains the patency of the trachea?

A

ring shaped cartilage

48
Q

what drives expiation?

A

recoil of elastic fibres

49
Q

role of external intercostal muscles?

A

pulls ribs superiorly
pushes sternum anteriorly
increases dimensions of chest

50
Q

list the order of which air passes during inspiration:

A 
external nares
nasopharynx
trachea
primary bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
51
Q

why is the diameter of the afferent arteriole bigger than efferent arteriole?

A

to maintain high blood pressure in the glomerulus

52
Q

the _______ the partial pressure of gas, the more it can be dissolved in solution, the greater the rate of exchange

A

higher

53
Q

coal miner with chronic cough, has black deposits in lungs, which cell type is most likely to contain the deposited material?

A

alveolar macrophages

54
Q

what are podocytes?

A

cells specialised for filtration

55
Q

where are podocytes found?

A

in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

56
Q

in the GIT where is stratified squamous epithelial found?

A

oesophagus

57
Q

in the GIT where is segmentation found?

A

small intestine

58
Q

in the GIT where is pits with abundant goblet cells found?

A

colon

59
Q

in the GIT where is rugae found?

A

stomach

60
Q

in the GIT where is mechanical and chemical digestion found?

A

stomach

61
Q

in the GIT where is abundant submucosal mucous glands found?

A

duodenum

62
Q

in the GIT where is both villi and pits found?

A

small intestine

63
Q

in the GIT where is modified Muscularis external layer found?

A

both stomach and colon

64
Q

what is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

h2o
sugar
protein

65
Q

flow of filtrate and urine though urinary system, in order:

A

nephron, renal papillae, calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, urethera

66
Q

the action of ADH on principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule(DCT) is to?

A

increase insertion of aquaporin-2 vesicles into apical membranes

67
Q

what is the major digestive enzyme in saliva?

A

amylase

68
Q

what controls the motility of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

myenteric plexus

69
Q

where is the glomeruli located in the kidney?

A

cortex of the kidney

70
Q

where is distal convoluted tubules located in the kidney?

A

cortex of kidney

71
Q

where is vasa rectus located in the kidney?

A

medulla of kidney

72
Q

where is major and minor calyces located in the kidney?

A

renal sinus

73
Q

where is nephron loop(loop of henle) located in the kidney?

A

medulla of kidney

74
Q

where is proximal end of ureter located in the kidney?

A

renal hilus

75
Q

what are the muscular activities of the digestive system regulated by?

A

hormones
parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons
contents of digestive tract
intrinsic nerve plexus

76
Q

what is the function of conchae and meatuses in the respiratory tract?

A

maximise contact between air and air modification mechanism

77
Q

what is the function of respiratory epithelium in the respiratory tract?

A

filtering of air

78
Q

what is the function of nasal vibrissae in the respiratory tract?

A

filtering of air

79
Q

what is the function of mucosal venous plexus in the respiratory tract?

A

warming of air

80
Q

what is the function of serous acini of seromucous glands in the respiratory tract?

A

humidification of air

81
Q

what is the function of mucous acini of seromucous glands in the respiratory tract?

A

filtering of air

82
Q

what is the function of dust cells in the respiratory tract?

A

filtering of air

83
Q

what does surfactant do in the respiratory system?

A

decrease surface tension at the air-epithelial interface

84
Q

what histological feature distinguishes a bronchus within the lungs from the trachea?

A

irregular plates of hyaline cartilage

85
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

regular contractions of the muscularis externa that pushes food through entire GIT

86
Q

what are the folds of the small intestine which increase surface area for diffusion called?

A

villi

87
Q

what is the function of the large intestine?

A

water balence of digestive system

88
Q

a patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis, this could be due to?

A

absence of ADH

89
Q

what does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

From Flashcardlet (34 decks)

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