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From Flashcardlet > N: MCQs > Flashcards

N: MCQs Flashcards

0
Q

define Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)

A

Sufficient daily amount of nutrient to meet the needs of practically all of the healthy population
OR
the requirement of a nutrient that will meet the nutritional needs of almost all members of a healthy population

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1
Q

Marie has a total daily energy need calculated as 2500 kcal. Her recommend fat intake is 25% of energy needs. How much fat should Marie consume in an average day?

A

625 kcal

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2
Q

Which major food group is rich in protein, niacin, thiamine, vit B 12, iron, magnesium, potassium and z

A

meat, fish, poultry, eggs

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3
Q

If a food contains 3 g of fibre and 7 g of sugars in 30 g total carbohydrate, what does the other 20 g consist of?

A

complex carbhydrates

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4
Q

Which digestive fluid contains carbohydrases, lipases , proteases and bicarbonate?

A

pancreatic juice

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5
Q

Larger fats and fat-‐soluble vitamins are absorbed into the body via:

A

lymphatic system

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6
Q

what is Glycaemic index?

A

a measure of how much a particular food raises blood glucose

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7
Q

The Dietary Guidelines for Australians says that saturated and trans fats together should be limited to what % of daily energy intake?

A

10%

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8
Q

which part of the wheat grain contains the most vitamins and minerals?

A

bran

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9
Q

what digestive fluid contains carbohydrases, lipases, proteases and bicarbonate?

A

pancreatic juice

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10
Q

larger fats and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into body via?

A

lymphatic system
they form chylomicrons which are too large to pass through capillaries
lymphatic system -> BYPASS liver and enter blood stream close to heart -> hepatic portal vein -> liver

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11
Q

a major cause of peptide ulcers is:

A

helicobacter pylori bacteria

causes a build up of mucus in stomach leading to tissue erosion and antibiotics => ulcers

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12
Q

endosperm is the part of the wheat grain that:

A

is the source of white flour

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13
Q

role of secretin hormone:

A

stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juices into the duodenum

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14
Q

role of gastrin hormone?

A

stimulates stomach glands to secrete HCl

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15
Q

role of cholecystokinin(CCK) hormone:

A

causes gallbladder contraction releasing bile into the SI

-> bile to emulsify fats

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16
Q

what causes cells to take up glucose from blood?

A

insulin

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17
Q

what causes cells to release glucose into blood?

A

glucagon

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18
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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19
Q

glucose has how many carbon atoms?

A

6!

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20
Q

sucrose is a disaccharide composed of:

A

glucose and fructose

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21
Q

what is diabetes type 2 most commonly caused by?

A

too much fat in the diet

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22
Q

what are 4 things that dietary fibre causes in the body?

A

1) interferes(increases) with iron, calcium and zinc absorption
2) delayed stomach emptying creating a feeling of fullness
3) decreased rate of glucose absorption
4) protection against colon cancer by removing causative agents from the body

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23
Q

define Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR):

A

resting energy expenditure as an individual wakes in the morning

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24
Q

what are 4 major factors influencing basal metabolic rate?

A

1) height
2) age
3) environmental temperature
4) body composition

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25
Q

what hormones control blood glucose levels?

A

insulin
glucagon

adrenaline?

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26
Q

4 effects of a high fibre diet?

A

1) can cause dehydration and abdominal discomfort
2) binds cholesterol-rich bile salts preventing their reabsorption
3) binds some toxins reducing their absorption
4) delays stomach emptying creating a feeling of fullness

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27
Q

which hormone signals gallbladder to release bile?

A

cholecytokinin (CCK)

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28
Q

larger fats are absorbed and distributed around the body firstly as:

A

chylomicrons

..too large for capillaries

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29
Q

when energy is plentiful acetyl-CoA can be converted into which molecule?

A

fatty acids

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30
Q

where does the electron transport train occur?

A

inner membrane of the mitochondrion

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31
Q

which energy-related molecules are produced during the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle?

A

NADH, FADH2 and GTP

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32
Q

4 health risks for underweight females:

A

1) menstrual irregularities
2) inadequate energy reserves to maintain good health
3) poor bone health
4) in fertility

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33
Q

in periods of prolonged fasting ketone bodies are particularly important for energy supply to which organ?

A

brain

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34
Q

what co-enzymes does the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA involve?

A

co-enzyme A
FAD
NAD+
ATP x 2

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35
Q

in alcohol metabolism ethanol is first converted into which molecule?

A

acetaldehyde

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36
Q

which body organ determines amino acids if dietary protein exceeds the body’s requirement?

A

liver!

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37
Q

what macronutrient has the potential to make ketone bodies?

A

fatty acids

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38
Q

what are glucose and fatty acids primarily used for?

A

energy

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39
Q

what can glucose be made from?

A

all carbs
some amino acids
glycerol portion of fat

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40
Q

if nitrogen is available what can glucose be made into?

A

non essential amino acids

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41
Q

if energy yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, what are they converted into?

A

fatty acids and fats

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42
Q

triglycerides consist of three fatty acid chains linked to which molecule?

A

glycerol

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43
Q

short and medium-chain fatty acids are mainly found in which foods?

A

veg oils

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44
Q

how to differentiate between omega 3 & 6

A

position of double bond

count carbons from NOT carboxylic acid end

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45
Q

the largest and least dense member of the lipoprotein family is involved in fat absorption from the intestine is called:

A

AHH SHEIT I DUNNO

- find this answer lazy ass

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46
Q

the energy content of fats and oils is?

A

9 kcal/gram

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47
Q

in periods of starvation where body glucose is depleted, fat can be converted to which energy source?

A

ketone bodies

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48
Q

how many different amino acids are incorporated into proteins?

A

20

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49
Q

proteins consist of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen plus which other element:

A

phosphorus

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50
Q

positive nitrogen status means there is:

A

an increase in mass of muscles, organs and other tissues

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51
Q

which food has protein in the highest of biological value:

A

egg

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52
Q

the process of glycolysis occurs in:

A

in the cytoplasm

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53
Q

what is the net gain from 1 glucose molecule processed to pyruvate by glycolysis:

A

2 ATP

as 2 ATP needed
and 4 ATP made

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54
Q

net energy gain from 1 carb

A

30-32

55
Q

net energy gain from one 16 carbon fatty acid?

A

129 ATPs

56
Q

how many carbon atoms are removed at a time from a fatty acid to bind with co-enzyme A to form acetyl-CoA?

A

2!

57
Q

fat soluble vitamins:

A

A, D, E, K

58
Q

most vitamins have which function in the body?

A

co-enzyme

59
Q

excess carb in the diet MAINLY contributes to obesity by which mechanism?

A

excess carb spare both dietary and body fat from breakdown for energy

60
Q

what is the largest and least dense member of the lipoprotein family involved in fat absorption from the intestine?

A

chylomicron

61
Q

what is the main purpose of high levels of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

denaturation of proteins

62
Q

vit D deficiency causes which disease?

A

rickets

63
Q

what are the symptoms of rickets?

A

bowed legs, rib deformaties, growth retardation

64
Q

which vitamin is routinely recommended as a supplement during pregnancy to prevent spina bifida?

A

folate

65
Q

which vit is not a co-enzyme involved in energy production

A

cobalamin

66
Q

vit C is particularly important for the function of which protein:

A

collagen

67
Q

2 vitamins important for DNA synthesis?

A

folate and B12 cobalamin

68
Q

which organ converts vit D into its final active form:

A

kidney

69
Q

what is the process that converts vit D into its active form?

A

hydroxylation

70
Q

which vitamin is particularly important for normal vision:

A

vit A

71
Q

beta-carotene is a plant form of which vitamin:

A

vit A

72
Q

in dehydration or burns, when does water loss usually become fatal:

A

20%

73
Q

which is the major mineral found in the body:

A

calcium

74
Q

which food has the highest bioavailability of calcium:

A

broccoli

75
Q

which vitamin can improve iron absorption by up to 5 times?

A

vit C

76
Q

excessive intake of iron can cause deficiency in which mineral?

A

zinc

as it prevents adequate absorption

77
Q

iodine is especially important for the function of which organ?

A

thyroid

78
Q

what would maternal deficiency of iodine cause?

A

cretinism

=> congenital disease: mental and physical retardation

79
Q

how much does daily energy increase in 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

A

450kcal

80
Q

how much does daily energy increase in 2nd trimester of pregnancy?

A

350kcal

81
Q

recommended weight gain during pregnancy for women in healthy weight range is?

A

11.5-16kg

82
Q

the risk of having a down syndrome baby at the age of 40 is:

A

1:100

83
Q

the risk of having a down syndrome baby at the age of 30 is:

A

1:300

84
Q

maternal breast milk is better than formulae milk because?

A

it provides immunological protection

colostrum fluid

85
Q

when should cows milk be introduced to an infant?

A

1 year

86
Q

what is the average daily energy requirement of a 10 year old child?

A

2000kcal

87
Q

what is the average daily energy requirement of a 6 year old child?

A

1600kcal

88
Q

what is the average daily energy requirement of a 1 year old child?

A

800kcal

89
Q

during starvation body protein provides what percentage of the body’s glucose needs?

A

90%

90
Q

during protein deamination, the nitrogen from the amino acid is first converted into what chemical?

A

NH3

then converted to urea

91
Q

which body organ deaminates amino acids if dietary protein exceeds the body’s requirements:

A

liver

92
Q

transamination involves the transfer of amino group of an amino acid to what molecule?

A

a keto acid

93
Q

in metabolism some amino acids can be metabolised via:

A

conversion to pyruvate
conversion to acetyl CoA
direct conversion to tricarboxylic acid cycle components

94
Q

a 1 year infant should gain what % of daily energy from fat?

A

50%

95
Q

the consumption of which food group reduces risk of gout? and how

A

dairy

by lowering blood uric acid levels

96
Q

as we age, energy needs decrease by what percent?

A

2.5%

97
Q

what is hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic state:

A

an acute complication of diabetes

  • can be first sign of diabetes in older person
  • bought on by infection/illness
  • can cause neurological problems
  • Bglucose exceed 33mmol/L
98
Q

4 common chronic complications of diabetes mellitus include:

A
  • retinopathy
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • kidney disease
  • atherosclerosis
99
Q

in treatment of diabetes type 1 which factor is most important?

A

controlling total daily carb intake

100
Q

in patients with diabetes, saturated fat should be limited to what percent of daily energy intake?

A

7%

101
Q

in patients with diabetes, protein should be limited to what percent of daily energy intake?

A

15-20%

102
Q

poorly controlled diabetes, strong smelling breath usually associated with:

A

ketoacidosis

103
Q

with respect to nutrient reference values the RDI can be defined as?

A

sufficient daily amount of nutrient to meet the needs of practically all of the healthy population

104
Q

what is a standard cup of milk?

A

250ml

105
Q

what is a standard cup of fruit?

A

150g

106
Q

what is a standard cup of rice?

A

180g

107
Q

what is a standard cup of flour?

A

30g

108
Q

what is a standard cup of porridge?

A

230g

109
Q

what macro group is saccharide

A

carbohydrate

110
Q

what 3 oils have the highest poly unsaturated fatty acid content?

A

flaxseed
soybean
walnut

111
Q

according to the national heart foundation guidelines(2001) total fasting blood cholesterol should be:

A

below 4.0 mmol/L

112
Q

why are legumes so high in protein compared to many other plants:

A

their roots are more efficient at extracting nitrogen from the soil

113
Q

in periods of starvation where body glucose levels are depleted, fatty acids can be converted to which energy source?

A

ketone bodies

114
Q

transamination is a process for?

A

interconversion of amino acid

115
Q

hydrodenstiometry involves:

A

measurment of body fat in water

116
Q

with weight loss, fat cells:

A

decrease in size only

117
Q

vit K is essential for

A

blood clotting

118
Q

which food has lowest bioavailability of calcium?

A

spinach

119
Q

kwashiorkor is a disease caused by inadequate intake of?

A

protein

120
Q

in nutritional assessment SOAP stands for?

A

Subjective
Objective
Aassessment
Plan

121
Q

what are the 4 main approaches to recording food intake data?

A

24-hour recall
food frequency questionnaire
written food record
direct observation

122
Q

risk factors for gestational diabetes:

A
  • BMI > 25, excessive weight gain during pregnancy
  • age >25
  • previous high birth weight/diabetes
  • ethnicity
123
Q

which nutrients are most likely to be deficient in adolescents:

A

calcium and iron

124
Q

which nutrient has research linked to delaying the onset of Alzheimer’s disease:

A

omega 3 fatty acids

125
Q

to prevent the occurrence of colon cancer you would nutritionally recommend:

A

high fiber?

126
Q

what is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?

A

high fiber diet

127
Q

what is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?

A

bacteria infection - helicobacter pylori

128
Q

patients with diabetes should have an average intake of cholesterol of?

A

<200mg

129
Q

risk factors for malnutrition in older adults:

A 
Disease/illness
Eating
Toohless
Economic hardship
Reduced social contact
Multiple medications
Involuntary weightloss
Needs assistance 
Elderly person
130
Q

Resting metabolic rate is highest in the 1-2 hour period following ingestion of which food type?

A

fat and protein

131
Q

Which major food group provides little iron but is rich in protein, vitamin B12, riboflavin, calcium, magnesium and potassium?

A

dairy products

132
Q

Milk fats are generally absorbed into the body via:

A

blood capillaries

133
Q

Maltose is a disaccharide composed of

A

2 glucose

134
Q

List FIVE principles (not food groups) that are essential in planning a healthy diet.

A

adequacy, balance, calorie control, nutrient density, moderation, variety

135
Q

what supplements may be required in plant-only diets:

A

iron
calcium
vit B12
vit D

From Flashcardlet (34 decks)

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