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From Flashcardlet > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

0
Q

function of astrocyte?

A

regulate extracellular composition of brain fluid via BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
form a support framework for the CNS

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1
Q

what are nissl bodies?

A

cluster of ribosomes and rough ER within nerve cell body cytoplasm

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2
Q

function of oligodendrocyte?

A

production of myelin

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3
Q

function of myelin?

A

insulates nerve fibre from surrounding extracellular fluid, speeds up action potential conduction

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4
Q

function of Microglial cell

A

phagacytic cells that remove dead nervous tissue, micro-organisms and other foreign material

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5
Q

which neuroglial cell would you expect to be most common in grey matter?

A

astrocytes

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6
Q

why is there so little myelin present in grey matter?

A

as myelin is not present near cell bodies and grey matter is full of nerve cell bodies

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7
Q

where are ependymal cells located?

A

edge of CNS tissue,

lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

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8
Q

function of ependymal cells

A 
ependymal cells (+ blood vessels) form the choroid plexuses within the ventricles of the brain...this secretes cerebrospinal fluid
the free surface of ependymal cells has patches of cilia that help move fluid around the brain and spinal cord
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9
Q

what are the sulcus?

A

grooves(vallys) of the surface of the brain

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10
Q

what are gyrus?

A

hills or folds of the cortext of cerebellum/cerebrum

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11
Q

what is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

primary motor area - controls voluntary movements

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12
Q

function of post central gyrus?

A

primary sensory - conscious perception, localisation and identification of stimulus

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13
Q

function of occipital lobe?

A

vision!

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14
Q

function of the thalamus?

A

considered the sensory relay station of the brain.

auditory, visual, sensory input eg. pain, temp, touch all pass through thalamus

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15
Q

function of hypothalamus?

A

1) autonomic nervous system eg. heart rate
2) endocrine system(hormones -> pituitary gland eg. metabolism
3) limbic system - rage, fear, sexual feelings
4) basic body functions eg. body temp control

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16
Q

what vertebra marks the inferior end of the spinal cord?

A

T12 - L1

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17
Q

how do we check for an infection in the brain?

A

lumbar puncture

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18
Q

where is the needle in a lumbar puncture inserted?

A

the subarachnoid space at either T3-T4 or T4-T5

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19
Q

why are cervical and lumbar parts of the spinal cord enlarged?

A

more nerves exit spinal cord at these regions to supply arms and legs respectively

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20
Q

what is the meninges?

A

protective layers of tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

name the meninges from the outer most to the inner most

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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22
Q

what is the function of the dura mater?

A

tough, thick, outer layer of meninges

made of dense irregular connective tissue protects the CNS tissue

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23
Q

function of the arachnoid mater

A

very thin, spider like, that connects to pia mater

space contains cerebrospinal fluid which protects and cusions the CNS + provides nutrients

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24
Q

why is dura mater white in colour?

A

as its dense irregular connective tissue, hence containing a lot of COLLAGEN

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25
Q

what is the space called between the dura and skull/vertebral bones?

A

epidural space!

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26
Q

what is normally located in the epidural space?

A

adipose tissue, blood vessels and nerves

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27
Q

describe movement of CSF:

A

flows from lateral ventricle -> 3rd ventricle -> 4th ventricle
then exits ventricle and enters subarachnoid & central canal of spinal cord. flows up & down vertebral column then resorbed in arachnoid villi

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28
Q

what makes CSF circulate

A

itself…driven by its own pressure + rhythmic pulsations of the brain produced by heart beating

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29
Q

where is CSF formed?

A

choroid plexus of each lateral ventricle

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30
Q

how can you tell which side of spine is dorsal and ventral?

A

presence of dorsal grey horn and ventral median fissure

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31
Q

where is grey matter located in the brain?

A

edge of cerebrum/cerebellum?

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32
Q

what are ganglia?

A

cell bodies of neurons in the PNS

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33
Q

where is grey matter located in the spinal cord

A

it forms a H/butterfly in the centre of spinal cord

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34
Q

where are the cell bodies of motor neurons of the PNS located?

A

within the grey matter of the spinal cord

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35
Q

name the protective layers of a peripheral spinal nerve from outer most to inner most

A

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

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36
Q

describe refractory period:

A

period of depolarisation of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus

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37
Q

describe depolarisation:

A

state in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron

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38
Q

describe polarised:

A

electronic condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron

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39
Q

describe repolarisation:

A

period in which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron

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40
Q

describe action potential:

A

transmission of the depolarisation wave along the neurons membrane(axon)

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41
Q

describe potassium ions:

A

chief positive intracellular ion in a resting potential

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42
Q

describe sodium-potassium pump

A

process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neutron

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43
Q

describe the events that occur at a chemical synapse between 2 neurons

A

1) neurotransmitters diffuse from presynapic terminal across the synaptic cleft (2) calcium ions diffuse into the cell and cause synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters (3) neurotransmitters combine with their receptor sites and cause ligand-gated ion channels to open. Ions diffuse into/out of the cell and cause a change in membrane potential. (4) action potentials arriving at the presynaptic terminal cause voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open

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44
Q

name the parts of the neuron that can conduct and action potential

A

axon and just before the synaptic terminals

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45
Q

composition of corpus callosum:

A

primarily composed of over 200 million axons, called commissural fibres

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46
Q

function of corpus callosum?

A

axons(commissural fibres) interconnect allowing communication between left & right cerebral hemispheres
transfer of motor, sensory and cognitive info between hemispheres

47
Q

components of brain stem:

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblogata

48
Q

function of axon

A

conduction of action potential away from cell body

49
Q

function of dendrites

A

receive synaptic input from other cells or sensory stimuli that generate local electrical responses (graded potential) that conducts towards cell body

50
Q

what do nodes of ranvier allow?

A

propagation of action potential in myelinated neurons

or SALTATORY conduction - allowing potential to jump from one node to another making it much faster

51
Q

function of grey matter

A

site of synapse formation

Integration of sensory inputs and neuronal computation

52
Q

site of integration of sensory inputs and neuronal computation

A

grey matter

53
Q

function of white matter?

A

site of axons and tracts of neurons that link different parts of the CNS

54
Q

why is white matter white?

A

myelin

55
Q

function of microglia

A

act as macrophages in the brain and spinal cord

main form of active immune defense in the CNS

56
Q

function of Astroglia

A
  • biochemical support of ependymal cells
  • provision of nutrients to neurons
  • maintenance of extracellular ions
  • repair
57
Q

define continuous propagaion:

A

entire axon contains voltage gated ion channels, action potential gradually conducts along the length

58
Q

define saltatory propagation:

A

voltage gated channels only at nodes of ranvier so action potential is regenerated at each node by current conducting axially (along the length), fast!

59
Q

what tissues react during reflexes?

A

muscles or glands

60
Q

what does the typical reflex involving muscle require?

A 
sensory receptor(in muscle)
sensory neuron(receptor to spinal cord)
integrating centre(within spinal cord, determines magnitude of respons
motor neuron(motor neuron to skeletal muscle)
61
Q

what does the term monosynaptic reflex ARC mean?

A

| sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron in the grey matter of spinal cord (no interneuron)

mono = one | synaptic = synapse |

62
Q

what type reflex is the platella reflex an example of?

A

postural reflex

63
Q

so what movement of the arm does the bowler in cricket do?

A

circumduction

64
Q

describe location of nuclei in skeletal muscle?

A

they’re peripherally located

65
Q

what is the synaptic delay?

A

time between arrival of action potential at axon terminal and action at synapse

66
Q

describe what happens after neurotransmitter release?

A

binds to receptors on post-synaptic
destroyed by enzymes (prevents neurons becoming too excited)
reuptake by presynaptic terminal - recycling
diffuse away(move away from synapse)
reuptake into glia eg. astrocytes

67
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A

ionotropic - directly bind to and open ion channels

metabotropic - act via second messengers

68
Q

what do the names of neurotransmitters end in?

A

“ine”

69
Q

what is serotonin?

A

“feel good” moon neurotransmitters
90% in intestine
lower levels of serotonin are found in patients with depression

70
Q

what happens with the parasympathetic activity?

A

Salivation
Lacrimation (tears)
Urination
Defecation

rest and digest

71
Q

cut the brain in left and right sides

A

sagittal

72
Q

cuts the brain in top and bottom

A

axial

horizontal

73
Q

cuts brain in front and back

A

coronal

74
Q

left hemisphere

A

spoken written language
numeric and scientific skills
reasoning
ability to use sign language

75
Q

right hemisphere

A 
"Creative side"
musical and artistic awareness
spatial and pattern awareness
recognition of faces
emotional content of language
76
Q

what matter is the cortex made of?

A

grey matter!

77
Q

primary function of motor cortex

A

Maps out/plans behaviours leading to skeletal muscle contraction

78
Q

primary function of sensory cortex

A

Interprets incoming information

Makes information identifiable and useful

79
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A 
Voluntary motor control 
habits 
Eye movements
Cognitive functions
Emotional functions
80
Q

state the sequence of events in an action potential:

A 
resting
threshold -50mv reached
depolarisation
repolarisation
hyperopolarisation
resting
81
Q

state the activity of gates during resting of an action potential

A

Na+/K+ ATpase

Na+ gated channels closed

82
Q

state the activity of gates during threshold

A

Na+ gated channels open

83
Q

state the activity of gates during depolarisation

A

Na+ channels open

84
Q

state the activity of gates during repolarisation

A

Na+ gated channels close

K+ gated channels open

85
Q

state the activity of gates during hyperopolarisation

A

Na+/K+ ATpase active

86
Q

what is the action potential threshold?

A

-50mv

87
Q

what stimulates vesicles to fuse with membrane?

A

Ca2+

action potential triggers influx of Ca2+

88
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

release of contents from cell into the extracellular space, in this case it is released into synapse

89
Q

what does the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on post-synaptic neuron do?

A

stimulate post-synaptic potential

change in membrane potential

90
Q

what is graded potential?

A

summation of individual actions of the ligand-gated ion channel proteins

91
Q

why are neurotrasmitters reabsorbed?

A

saves energy as pre-synaptic cell doesn’t need to make new neurotransmitters from scratch

92
Q

why are some neurotransmitters pumped back into glia?

A

to avoid overstimulation of the post-synaptic neuron

93
Q

what is electrical synapse?

A

direct neural connection through gap junctions

94
Q

3 groups of neurotransmitters

A

amino acids
classical neurotransmitters
neuropeptides

95
Q

how do anti-depressant drugs work at serotonin synapses

A

Selective Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitors, inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the synapse, continues to stimulate post-synaptic cell, prolongs effect

96
Q

why is too much Glutamate bad for the brain?

A

overestimates the brain and spinal cord -> seizures

excitotoxcity -> cell death

97
Q

what are the 2 main second messengers?

A

Cyclic AMP

Inositiol triophosphate

98
Q

briefly describe how second messager cyclic AMP (cAMP) works to transmit signal in post-synaptic cell

A

activates membrane potential G PROTEIN
ATD -> cAMP
impacts membrane permeability, metabolic pathways, protein synthesis

99
Q

briefly describe second messenger Inositol Triphosphate

A

activates G PROTEIN and PHOSPHOIL[pase

IP3 -> diacylglycerol (DAG)

100
Q

what is an IPSP

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

synaptic potential that makes post synaptic neuron LESS likely to generate and action potential

101
Q

what is an EPSP

A

excitatory post synaptic potential
MORE likely to generate an action potential in post synaptic neuron
ESPS’s summate when there are enough synapses close together

102
Q

when there is enough synapses close together what is it called?

A

spatial summation

103
Q

what happens with EPSP’s when post synaptic membrane is depolarised in rapid succession?

A

EPSP’s provide temporal summation

104
Q

what is contained in the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

105
Q

what region of the brain is responsible for maintenance of body temperature

A

hypothalamus

106
Q

what part of part of the brain contributes to coordination, precision and accurate timing?

A

cerebellum

107
Q

function of pons?

A

basically to replay signals from forebrain to cerebellum

108
Q

what do the signals that pass through pons control?

A

respiration, sleep, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, taste, facial exression/sensation

109
Q

why is the medulla so important?

A

controls cardiac(heart rate)
respiratory centers(breathing)
Vasomotor (blood pressure)
vomiting

110
Q

what does the medulla contain?

A

nuclei concerned with Vital Visceral functions

111
Q

what dural fold separates left and right hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

112
Q

what dural fold separates left and right lobes of the cerebellum?

A

falx cerebelli

113
Q

what dural fold separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?

A

tentorium cerebelli

114
Q

whats the little pocket of fluid below protective layers of the skull

A

superior sagittal sinus

115
Q

where is CSF reabsorbed?

A 
arachnoid villi
(finger like projections of arachnoid membrane that project fluid into superior sagittal sinus)

From Flashcardlet (34 decks)

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