N: exam Q's

Question 0

list 2 risk factors for development of the condition of gestational diabetes?

Answer 0

rapid weight gain
BMI of over 25
age
already got diabetes 
ethnicity, indigenous

Question 1

what is gestational diabetes? (8marks)

Answer 1

diabetic condition that happens during pregnancy
usually temporary, resolves after pregnancy
inability to control blood sugar

Question 2

list 2 possible consequences of gestational diabetes?

Answer 2

birth defects -> heart, limbs,

large birth weight

Question 3

how can diet and lifestyle be used to control gestational diabetes

Answer 3

control diet -> reduction of saturated fat, refined sugar/foods
timing of foods -> small meals regularly
increased fiber in food
low GI complex carbs
exercise

Question 4

list 4 micronutrients, maternal needs for which increase by at least 40% in pregnancy?

Answer 4

1) calcium 6) phosphorus
2) zinc
3) folate
4) iron
5) iodine

Question 5

name the vitamin which needs to increase by 100-300% during pregnancy

Answer 5

folate

Question 6

discuss potential consequences of folate on maternal health/fetal development?

Answer 6

spina bifida and neural tube defect

Question 7

discuss potential consequences of calcium on maternal health/fetal development?

Answer 7

bone development in fetal stunted

mothers bone health deteriorates

Question 8

discuss potential consequences of iodine on maternal health/fetal development?

Answer 8

mental retardation

growth problems

Question 9

discuss potential consequences of iron on maternal health/fetal development?

Answer 9

anaemia mother/baby or both

Question 10

discuss general dietary and lifestyle advice covering the course of he pregnancy, you would provide for a healthy women within normal weight range, who is 4 weeks pregnant. include specific energy and nutrient requirement, and nutrition and food restrictions and mention specific foods?

Answer 10

450 extra cal (one extra light meal)
quality rather than quantity in first trimester from all 5 food groups ADG
health weight gain = 11.5-16kg
protein need increases(not in first trimester) 3&4 = 145g extra
avoid deep sea fish eg. tuna and flake(shark)
omega 3 needed for normal development of eyes and nervous system - supplementation okay
folate supplementation recommended - before pregnancy
beta-carotene better than vitamin a(can be toxic) - orange colour
don’t smoke, avoid alcohol
talk to pharmacist before taking any drugs

…add more

Question 11

discuss the nutritional benefits and disadvantages of breast feeding versus formula feeding for the first 6 months of life?

Answer 11

bottle formula is ready sources, sterile, formula high in iron(fortified), convenience, tooth decay,

breast feeding bonding, delays ovulation, promotes uterine contraction

“nutritional” lol

Question 12

in malnutrition, 3 major aspects of nutrition that can be effected by illness and treatment

Answer 12

reduced food intake
impaired absorption and digestion
altered nutrient metabolism and excretion

Question 13

ADIME and SOAP

Answer 13

Assessment Diagnosis Intervention Monitoring Evaluation

Subjective Objective Assessment Plan

Question 14

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is defined as resting energy expenditure (REE)
A. ​two hours after the evening meal
B. ​as an individual wakes in the morning
C. ​during sleep
D. ​half an hour after exercise
E. ​after half an hour of sitting quietly

Answer 14

B. as an individual wakes in the morning

Question 15

Define the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) of a nutrient:

Answer 15

the requirement of a nutrient that will meet the nutritional needs of almost all ​members of a healthy population

Question 16

3. Which statement is NOT part of the Australian Dietary Guidelines?
   A. ​choose high protein foods in place of carbohydrate-rich foods
   B. ​choose fresh foods in place of processed foods
   C. ​limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt and/or added sugars
   D. ​use whole grain products in place of white breads and white rice
   E. ​unsalted frozen or canned vegetables are acceptable alternatives to fresh ​vegetables

Answer 16

A. choose high protein foods in place of carbohydrate-rich foods

Question 17

4. Which of the following is NOT a major factor influencing basal metabolic rate?
A. ​Height
B.​Age
C.​Fluid intake
D.​Environmental temperature
E. ​Body composition

Answer 17

C. Fluid intake

Question 18

Blood glucose levels are usually controlled by which hormones?

Answer 18

insulin

glucagon

Question 19

what is glycemic index?

Answer 19

food classification according to its potential for raising blood glucose

Question 20

7. Which is NOT a recognised effect of a high fibre diet?
   A. ​enhances the absorption of some vitamin and minerals
   B. ​can cause dehydration and abdominal discomfort
   C. ​binds cholesterol-rich bile salts preventing their reabsorption
   D. ​binds some toxins reducing their absorption
   E. ​delays stomach emptying creating a feeling of fullness

Answer 20

A. enhances the absorption of some vitamin and minerals

Question 21

4 examples of high GI foods:

Answer 21

watermelon
honey
mashed potato
medium grain brown rice

Question 22

Which hormone signals the gallbladder to release bile?

Answer 22

cholecystokinin

Question 23

Larger fats are absorbed and distributed around the body firstly as?

Answer 23

chylomicrons

Question 24

what can acetyl CoA be converted into if energy is plentiful?

Answer 24

fatty acid

Question 25

where does the electron transport train occur?

Answer 25

inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 26

Which energy-related molecules are produced during the tricarboxylic acid ​(TCA) cycle?

Answer 26

NADH, FADH2 and GTP

Question 27

In periods of prolonged fasting ketone bodies are particularly important for energy supply to which organ?

Answer 27

brain!

Question 28

what coenzymes does the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA involve?

Answer 28

coenzyme A ATP FAD NAD+

Question 29

steps in alcohol metabolism:

Answer 29

alcohol - > acetaldehyde - > acetate - > acetyl CoA - > TCA cycle OR fatty acids -> fats(triglycerides)

Question 30

amino acids can be metabolised by ...

Answer 30

conversion to pyruvate conversion to acetyl CoA direct conversion to tricarboxylic acid cycle components

Question 31

main steps in metabolism of carbs:

Answer 31

carbs - > glucose - > pyruvate - > acetyl CoA - > TCA cycle - > electron transport chain => ATP & WATER

Question 32

what does the electron transport chain yield?

Answer 32

ATP energy | water

Question 33

Which body organ deaminates amino acids if dietary protein exceeds the body's requirements?

Answer 33

liverrrrr

Question 34

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of veg? give a serve size example:

Answer 34

5 | 1 medium tomato

Question 35

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of grain? give a serve size example:

Answer 35

``` 6 1 slice (40g) of bread 1 crumpet (60g) ```

Question 36

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of dairy? give a serve size example:

Answer 36

2.5 | 1 cup of milk (250ml)

Question 37

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of meats or legumes? give a serve size example:

Answer 37

2.5 | 2 large eggs

Question 38

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of fruit? give a serve size example:

Answer 38

2 | 1 medium banana, apple, orange or pear

Question 39

Briefly explain why the body needs an adequate intake of carbohydrate for the efficient breakdown of fat for energy. 5 marks - 10 points

Answer 39

The most efficient pathway for the production of energy from fat is production of acetyl CoA from the fatty acid component, then production of ATP (energy) from acetyl CoA via the TCA and ETC (under aerobic conditions). For the TCA to function efficiently, it needs adequate levels of oxaloacetate, which combines with acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle. Oxaloacetate is made from pyruvate which in turn is made from glucose. If a persons intake of carbohydrate is too low glycogen stores and thus glucose become depleted. In turn less pyruvate is available to make oxaloacetate and levels of the latter also fall. With inadequate oxaloacetate the TCA cycle fails to operate and acetyl CoA accumulates. Thus an adequate supply of carbohydrate from the diet is needed to maintain oxaloacetate levels to efficiently drive the TCA cycle so that acetyl CoA from fat can be efficiently processed via the TCA and electron transport chain to produce ATP (energy).

Question 40

what happens in the month to metabolise carbohydrates

Answer 40

amylase begins to hydrolyse starch into short polysaccharides and maltose

Question 41

what happens in the stomach to metabolise carbohydrates

Answer 41

HCL acid partially hydrolyses starch to dextrins | fibre delays gastric emptying

Question 42

what happens in the small intestine to metabolise carbohydrates

Answer 42

In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase hydrolyses starches to oligosaccharides (short chains of sugars) and maltose. Other enzymes (maltase, sucrase,lactase) convert disaccharides to monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose). Absorption of the sugars occurs in the small intestine via active transport (glucose and galactose ) or facilitated diffusion (fructose). The simple sugars are released by the epithelial cells into the blood capillaries where they travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

Question 43

what happens in the large intestine to metabolise carbohydrates

Answer 43

Some soluble fibre is partially digested by bacteria and some products are absorbed into the colonic cells Most fibre not digested and is excreted in the faeces

Question 44

Marie has a total daily energy need calculated as 2500 kcal. Her recommend fat intake is 25% of energy needs. How much fat should Marie consume in an average day?

Answer 44

69.4g => 70g