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From Flashcardlet > N: exam Q's > Flashcards

N: exam Q's Flashcards

0
Q

list 2 risk factors for development of the condition of gestational diabetes?

A 
rapid weight gain
BMI of over 25
age
already got diabetes 
ethnicity, indigenous
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1
Q

what is gestational diabetes? (8marks)

A

diabetic condition that happens during pregnancy
usually temporary, resolves after pregnancy
inability to control blood sugar

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2
Q

list 2 possible consequences of gestational diabetes?

A

birth defects -> heart, limbs,

large birth weight

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3
Q

how can diet and lifestyle be used to control gestational diabetes

A

control diet -> reduction of saturated fat, refined sugar/foods
timing of foods -> small meals regularly
increased fiber in food
low GI complex carbs
exercise

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4
Q

list 4 micronutrients, maternal needs for which increase by at least 40% in pregnancy?

A

1) calcium 6) phosphorus
2) zinc
3) folate
4) iron
5) iodine

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5
Q

name the vitamin which needs to increase by 100-300% during pregnancy

A

folate

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6
Q

discuss potential consequences of folate on maternal health/fetal development?

A

spina bifida and neural tube defect

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7
Q

discuss potential consequences of calcium on maternal health/fetal development?

A

bone development in fetal stunted

mothers bone health deteriorates

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8
Q

discuss potential consequences of iodine on maternal health/fetal development?

A

mental retardation

growth problems

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9
Q

discuss potential consequences of iron on maternal health/fetal development?

A

anaemia mother/baby or both

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10
Q

discuss general dietary and lifestyle advice covering the course of he pregnancy, you would provide for a healthy women within normal weight range, who is 4 weeks pregnant. include specific energy and nutrient requirement, and nutrition and food restrictions and mention specific foods?

A

450 extra cal (one extra light meal)
quality rather than quantity in first trimester from all 5 food groups ADG
health weight gain = 11.5-16kg
protein need increases(not in first trimester) 3&4 = 145g extra
avoid deep sea fish eg. tuna and flake(shark)
omega 3 needed for normal development of eyes and nervous system - supplementation okay
folate supplementation recommended - before pregnancy
beta-carotene better than vitamin a(can be toxic) - orange colour
don’t smoke, avoid alcohol
talk to pharmacist before taking any drugs

…add more

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11
Q

discuss the nutritional benefits and disadvantages of breast feeding versus formula feeding for the first 6 months of life?

A

bottle formula is ready sources, sterile, formula high in iron(fortified), convenience, tooth decay,

breast feeding bonding, delays ovulation, promotes uterine contraction

“nutritional” lol

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12
Q

in malnutrition, 3 major aspects of nutrition that can be effected by illness and treatment

A

reduced food intake
impaired absorption and digestion
altered nutrient metabolism and excretion

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13
Q

ADIME and SOAP

A

Assessment Diagnosis Intervention Monitoring Evaluation

Subjective Objective Assessment Plan

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14
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is defined as resting energy expenditure (REE)
A. ​two hours after the evening meal
B. ​as an individual wakes in the morning
C. ​during sleep
D. ​half an hour after exercise
E. ​after half an hour of sitting quietly

A

B. as an individual wakes in the morning

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15
Q

Define the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) of a nutrient:

A

the requirement of a nutrient that will meet the nutritional needs of almost all ​members of a healthy population

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16
Q
  1. Which statement is NOT part of the Australian Dietary Guidelines?
    A. ​choose high protein foods in place of carbohydrate-rich foods
    B. ​choose fresh foods in place of processed foods
    C. ​limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt and/or added sugars
    D. ​use whole grain products in place of white breads and white rice
    E. ​unsalted frozen or canned vegetables are acceptable alternatives to fresh ​vegetables
A

A. choose high protein foods in place of carbohydrate-rich foods

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17
Q 
4. Which of the following is NOT a major factor influencing basal metabolic rate?
A. ​Height
B.​Age
C.​Fluid intake
D.​Environmental temperature
E. ​Body composition
A

C. Fluid intake

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18
Q

Blood glucose levels are usually controlled by which hormones?

A

insulin

glucagon

19
Q

what is glycemic index?

A

food classification according to its potential for raising blood glucose

20
Q
  1. Which is NOT a recognised effect of a high fibre diet?
    A. ​enhances the absorption of some vitamin and minerals
    B. ​can cause dehydration and abdominal discomfort
    C. ​binds cholesterol-rich bile salts preventing their reabsorption
    D. ​binds some toxins reducing their absorption
    E. ​delays stomach emptying creating a feeling of fullness
A

A. enhances the absorption of some vitamin and minerals

21
Q

4 examples of high GI foods:

A

watermelon
honey
mashed potato
medium grain brown rice

22
Q

Which hormone signals the gallbladder to release bile?

A

cholecystokinin

23
Q

Larger fats are absorbed and distributed around the body firstly as?

A

chylomicrons

24
Q

what can acetyl CoA be converted into if energy is plentiful?

A

fatty acid

25
Q

where does the electron transport train occur?

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria

26
Q

Which energy-related molecules are produced during the tricarboxylic acid ​(TCA) cycle?

A

NADH, FADH2 and GTP

27
Q

In periods of prolonged fasting ketone bodies are particularly important for energy supply to which organ?

A

brain!

28
Q

what coenzymes does the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA involve?

A

coenzyme A
ATP
FAD
NAD+

29
Q

steps in alcohol metabolism:

A

alcohol

  • > acetaldehyde
  • > acetate
  • > acetyl CoA
  • > TCA cycle OR fatty acids -> fats(triglycerides)
30
Q

amino acids can be metabolised by …

A

conversion to pyruvate
conversion to acetyl CoA
direct conversion to tricarboxylic acid cycle components

31
Q

main steps in metabolism of carbs:

A

carbs

  • > glucose
  • > pyruvate
  • > acetyl CoA
  • > TCA cycle
  • > electron transport chain => ATP & WATER
32
Q

what does the electron transport chain yield?

A

ATP energy

water

33
Q

Which body organ deaminates amino acids if dietary protein exceeds the body’s requirements?

A

liverrrrr

34
Q

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of veg?
give a serve size example:

A

5

1 medium tomato

35
Q

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of grain?
give a serve size example:

A 
6
1 slice (40g) of bread
1 crumpet (60g)
36
Q

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of dairy?
give a serve size example:

A

2.5

1 cup of milk (250ml)

37
Q

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of meats or legumes?
give a serve size example:

A

2.5

2 large eggs

38
Q

According to The Australian Dietary Guidelines how many serves of fruit?
give a serve size example:

A

2

1 medium banana, apple, orange or pear

39
Q

Briefly explain why the body needs an adequate intake of carbohydrate for the efficient breakdown of fat for energy.

5 marks - 10 points

A

The most efficient pathway for the production of energy from fat is production of acetyl CoA from the fatty acid component, then production of ATP (energy) from acetyl CoA via the TCA and ETC (under aerobic conditions).
For the TCA to function efficiently, it needs adequate levels of oxaloacetate, which combines with acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle. Oxaloacetate is made from pyruvate which in turn is made from glucose. If a persons intake of carbohydrate is too low glycogen stores and thus glucose become depleted. In turn less pyruvate is available to make oxaloacetate and levels of the latter also fall. With inadequate oxaloacetate the TCA cycle fails to operate and acetyl CoA accumulates.
Thus an adequate supply of carbohydrate from the diet is needed to maintain oxaloacetate levels to efficiently drive the TCA cycle so that acetyl CoA from fat can be efficiently processed via the TCA and electron transport chain to produce ATP (energy).

40
Q

what happens in the month to metabolise carbohydrates

A

amylase begins to hydrolyse starch into short polysaccharides and maltose

41
Q

what happens in the stomach to metabolise carbohydrates

A

HCL acid partially hydrolyses starch to dextrins

fibre delays gastric emptying

42
Q

what happens in the small intestine to metabolise carbohydrates

A

In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase hydrolyses starches to oligosaccharides (short chains of sugars) and maltose. Other enzymes (maltase, sucrase,lactase) convert disaccharides to monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose).
Absorption of the sugars occurs in the small intestine via active transport (glucose and galactose ) or facilitated diffusion (fructose).
The simple sugars are released by the epithelial cells into the blood capillaries where they travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

43
Q

what happens in the large intestine to metabolise carbohydrates

A

Some soluble fibre is partially digested by bacteria and some products are absorbed into the colonic cells
Most fibre not digested and is excreted in the faeces

44
Q

Marie has a total daily energy need calculated as 2500 kcal. Her recommend fat intake is 25% of energy needs. How much fat should Marie consume in an average day?

A

69.4g => 70g

From Flashcardlet (34 decks)

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