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From Flashcardlet > P: week 2 > Flashcards

P: week 2 Flashcards

0
Q

what is the non-specific physical & chemical defences?

A

barriers = skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, lysozyme in tears

expulsion = coughing, sneezing, vom, diarrhea

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1
Q

what are the barriers to invasion?

A
  1. non-specific physical and chemical defences
  2. innate immunity (natural)
  3. adaptive immunity (acquired)
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2
Q

what cells are involved with innate immunity?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

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3
Q

what is involved in adaptive immunity?

A

cellular(cytotoxic)
humoral(antibodies)

T and B lymphocytes

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4
Q

what do B lymphocytes become?

A

B lymph -> plasma cell -> antibodies

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5
Q

which granulocytes circulate within the blood?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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6
Q

role of neutrophils?

A

recruited to sites of inflammation and bacterial infection

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7
Q

role of eosinophils and basophils:

A

involved in allergic inflammation and protection against parasitic infection

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8
Q

what granulocytes are within the tissue?

A

mast cells

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9
Q

role of mast cells?

A

facilitate inflammatory response, involved in allergic and anaphylactic reactions

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10
Q

what do monocytes do?

A

monocytes DIFFERENTIATE into macrophages - can reside within the tissue or travel within blood stream

ROLE: assist in phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms and antigen presentation

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11
Q

location of dendritic cells and what immune response they are involved in:

A

initially reside within the tissue in contact with the outside environment

INNATE immune

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12
Q

roles of immune system?

A
  1. defense against infection
  2. defense against tumors
  3. can injure cells & induce pathologic inflammation
  4. recognize & responds to tissue grafts & newly introduced proteins
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13
Q

role of antigen:

A
  1. identify antigen
  2. engulf
  3. move to local lymph node present to lymphocytes
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14
Q

where do B & T cells reside?

A

circulate between blood and lymphoid tissues

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15
Q

B lymphocyte + antigen = ??

A

antibody secreting plasma cells

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16
Q

T lymphocytes + antigen = ??

A

effector T cells

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17
Q

what are macrophages role in lymph nodes?

A

destroy microorganisms & debris

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18
Q

what are lymphocytes role in lymph nodes?

A

activated & mount attack against antigens

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19
Q

what are the lines of defense in order?

A
  1. Skin (keratinization, very tight desmosomes, hair, sweat low pH)
  2. Innate - Non-Specific = fast,
  3. Adaptive = slow, memory
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20
Q

steps in phagocytosis

A
  1. bacteria
  2. phagosome
  3. phagolysosome
  4. digested bacteria
  5. release into extracellular
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21
Q

what are the classes of antibodies?

A 
ig G - good memory
ig M - same response everytime 
ig A
ig E
ig D
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22
Q

what happens after first line of defence fails?

A 
first line = skin
inflammation follows aiming to:
1. eliminating the initial cause of cell injury 
2. remove necrotic cells & tissue
3. initiate process of repair
23
Q

how is fibrin formed? and what is its role?

A

formed following cleavage of plasma protein fibrinogen

fibrin sticks platelets together to form clots

24
Q

what is acute inflammatory response characterised by?

A

presence of lots of neutrophils

bacterial invasion attracts lots of neutrophils

25
Q

how do neutrophils remove bacteria?

A
  • release free radicals

- release lysosomal enzymes

26
Q

how do leukocytes get to the site of injury from blood?

A
  1. migration = move to the periphery of blood vessel
  2. rolling = interacting with adhesion molecules
  3. adhesion = binds to single receptor
  4. diapedesis(transmigration) = migrate through
  5. chemotaxis = follow chemical gradient to site of injury
27
Q

what are the 4 types of exudate?

A
  1. purulent = puss consisting of neutrophils(once neutrophils are at injury donot enter back into blood but die at the site and become puss)
  2. fibrinous = greater permeability - more fibrin
  3. serous = little protein in inflammatory fluid, less severe eg. blister
  4. Haemorrhagic = out pouring of blood
28
Q

what influences outcome of acute inflammation?

A
  1. tissue type
  2. extent of damage
  3. type and duration
29
Q

major events in acute inflammation

A
  • increased blood flow (vasodilation)
  • increased permeability (widening of intercellular gaps between endothelial cells)
  • migration of neutrophils (capillaries & venules -> interstitial space)
30
Q

role of fibrin:

A

network of fibrin prevents migration of micro-organisms, produces a scaffold which assists in the migration of neutrophils and macrophages through the damaged area
- Blood Clotting

31
Q

what is inflammatory exudate?

A

protein rich fluid and cells that have escaped from blood vessels due to an increase in vascular permeability(like in inflammation)

32
Q

role of inflammatory exudate?

A
  • carries proteins, fluid an cells from local blood vessels into damaged area to mediate local defences
  • components of the exudate are able to destroy the infective causative agent
33
Q

role and origin of chemical mediators in inflammation

A

locally produced at site of inflammation or circulate in plasma as INactive precursors
their role is to orchestrate the acute immune response

34
Q

major signs of acute inflammation and its cause:

A

redness = vasodilation increased blood flow
heat = “ “ “ “
pain = pressure effects on nerve endings and chemical factors
swelling = accumulation of exudate (permeability)
loss of function = damage of tissue swelling and pain

35
Q

what is the acute phase response of inflammation?

A

release of chemical mediators that orchestrate the local result also causes systemic effects like fever, decreased appetite, increase pulse, leukocytosis = increase WBC(bone)

36
Q

describe the subtypes of acute inflammation:

A
  1. purulent = large quantities of pus(neutrophil, necrotic cells, oedema)
    - complication of purulent inflammation = abscess, localised area of tissue necrosis with live and dead neutrophils, fibrosis can wall off
  2. fibrinous = vessels permeable to fibrin
  3. serous = outpouring of thin fluid(blisters)
  4. haemorragic = outpouring of blood from significant vessel damage
37
Q

which is NOT an inflammatory exudate?

fibrous, fibrinous?

A

fibrous

38
Q

define chronic inflammation?

A

inflammation of prolonged duration(weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts to repair are proceeding simultaneously

39
Q

types of inflammatory mediators:

A
  1. Plasma Inflammatory Mediators
    - complement proteins
    - kinins
  2. ## Cell-Derived Inflammatory Mediators
40
Q

cells in surrounding tissues?

A

dendritic cells
mast cells (contains histamine granules)
macrophages

41
Q

role of histamine?

A

histamine released from mast cells in surrounding tissue triggers vasodilation and increase vascular permeability => WBC come to site pf injury

42
Q

what do the macrophages do?

A

release cytokines which have local and systematic effects(fever WBC)

43
Q

monocytes leave blood and enter surrounding tissue to become?

A

macrophages

44
Q

outline the differences between acute and chronic responses:

A

duration
vascular change occurs in acute but not chronic
contents of cellular infiltrate
odema occurs in acute but not chronic
tissue destruction & repair happens constantly in chronic but not acute

45
Q

where are lymphocytes made and matured?

A 
B = Bone marrow
T = Thymus

Both are made in bone marrow but T lymphocytes mature in thymus

46
Q 
T cells = cell mediated immunity 
function of T helper cells:
A
  • produce cytokines, promoting the differentiation of B cells
  • activate macrophages and T cytotoxic cells

the “help” the B cells (y)

47
Q

function of T cytotoxic cells:

A

produce cytotoxic granules

kill antigens by release of perforin or via apoptosis

48
Q

what is an epitope?

A

specific piece of the antigen that antibodies bind to

49
Q

what do the surface receptors of T lymphocytes recognise?

A

they recognise antigen epitopes

50
Q

what do surface receptors of B lymphocytes recognise?

A

recognise soluble antigens and antigens

51
Q

what can activated B lymphocytes differentiate into? and what promotes this

A

plasma cells
cytokines produced by T lymphocytes promote this differentiation
ALSO
some remain as B memory lymphocytes

52
Q

how do plasma cells form?

A

differentiate from B cells -> plasmablasts -> plasma cells

53
Q

characteristics of plasma cells?

A
  • eccentric nucleus (not center)
  • basophilic cytoplasm
  • antibody production
54
Q

what are common morphologic patterns of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. chronic non-suppurative inflammation
  2. chronic suppurative inflammation
  3. granulomatous inflammation
55
Q

what does cell infiltration of chronic inflammation consist of?

A 
macrophages
lymphocytes
plasma cells
eosinophils
multinucleated giant cells

From Flashcardlet (34 decks)

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