N: LIPIDS: triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

Question 0

what are phospholipids?

Answer 0

make up cell membrane
they have a glycerol head with a fatty acid tail
glycerol and fatty acid attached by OH group ( H - HO)

Question 1

what are triglycerides?

Answer 1

main storage fats - (most related to diet)

Question 2

what are sterols?

Answer 2

cholesterols

Question 3

what is the energy component for each macro nutrient:

Answer 3

fat= 9g
alco= 7g
carb= 4g
protein= 4g

Question 4

how do you differentiate between fatty acids?

Answer 4

number of hydrogens attached to carbon chains

Question 5

saturated fatty acid:

Answer 5

all C atoms saturated with H atoms

Question 6

unsaturdated fatty acids:

Answer 6

lacks 2 or more H atoms

at least 1 C=C double bond-> point of unsaturdation

Question 7

monounsaturdated:

Answer 7

lacks 2 H atoms

1 double bond

Question 8

what is omega 6?

Answer 8

essential fatty acid that must be provided by food
linoleic acid -> arachidonic acid

cell signalling molecule involved in the inflammatory process

Question 9

what is omega 3?

Answer 9

linolenic acid -> EPA and DHA

important for eyes and brain

Question 10

examples of saturated fats

Answer 10

animal fats

palm/coconut oil

Question 11

example of monounsaturdated fats

Answer 11

olive
canola
peanut oil

Question 12

example of polyunsaturated fat:

Answer 12

veg oils eg. 
flaxseed
sunflower
soy bean
walnut

Question 13

what is a benefit of omega 3?

Answer 13

reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke

Question 14

where do you get linoleic acid from?

Answer 14

veg oils - safflower oils

Question 15

where do you get arachidonic acid from?

Answer 15

meats, eggs, poultry

Question 16

where do you get linolenic acid from?

Answer 16

flaxseed

Question 17

where do you get EPA & DHA from?

Answer 17

fish

Question 18

what are trans-fatty acids?

Answer 18

artificial TFAs -> linked to heart disease

Question 19

how are trans-fatty acids produced?

Answer 19

produced via hydrogenation process

Question 20

describe what makes a trans-fatty acid:

Answer 20

Hydrogens on double bonds are on opposite sides(trans rather than cis)

cis - hydrogens on the same side

Question 21

describe structure of sterols(cholesterol):

Answer 21

multiple ringed structure

Question 22

where is cholesterol found?

Answer 22

only found in animal foods

eg. meat, eggs, fish

Question 23

cholesterol is the starting material for:

Answer 23

bile salts
sex hormones
adrenal hormones
vitamin D

Question 24

how much cholesterol is produced per day and where?

Answer 24

liver produces 800-1500mg of cholesterol daily

Question 25

what does too much saturated fat and cholesterol do?

Answer 25

clogs artery - heart disease, cardiovascular disease

no such thing as “good” and “bad” cholesterol in the diet

Question 26

describe VLDL:

Answer 26

lipoprotein shell containing fat and cholesterol
deposits fat in adipose tissue

after fat is deposited becomes LDL

Question 27

describe LDL:

Answer 27

lipoprotein shell containing cholesterol

• “bad” sticks to blood vessel walls, form clots

Question 28

describe HDL:

Answer 28

protective effect

- liver produces “empty” shells, go into blood stream & pick up LDL

Question 29

outline role of saturated fat, trans fats and cholesterol in the development of heart disease:

Answer 29

cholesterol blocks artery wall
saturated fat INCREASES LDL -> increasing risk of clot
trans fat[the worstttt] increases LDL & decreases HDL -> not only increasing risk of clot, but also decreasing body’s ability to remove LDL from wall

Question 30

how to lower LDL and raises HDL?

Answer 30

• weight control
• replace saturated fat with mono&poly unsaturated fat eg. avo, canola
• physical activity
• genes may make you more prone -> influences uptake, synthesis, transport and degradation of lipoproteins

Question 31

what are the “good” fats to consume? why?

Answer 31

mono: decrease LDL, increase HDL
poly: decrease LDL, decrease HDL

Question 32

examples of mono and poly unsaturated foods:

Answer 32

mono: olive, canola oil, avo
poly: veg oil, margarines, nuts and seeds

Question 33

what is the chemical composition of a triglyceride?

Answer 33

3 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule

Question 34

what is meant by the term poly unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 34

fatty acid containing more than 1 carbon-carbon double bond

- less hydrogen saturation

Question 35

what is meant by the term essential fatty acid?

Answer 35

a fatty acid necessary for health that must be obtained from the diet, as body cannot produce it itself

Question 36

name 2 types of essential fatty acid and list 2 good food sources:

Answer 36

omega 3:
EPA & DHA= fish
linolenic= flaxseed oil
omega 6:
linoleic= safflower oil
arachodonic= meats

Question 37

2 acids in omega 3:

Answer 37

EPA & DHA

linolenic

Question 38

2 acids in omega 6?

Answer 38

arachodonic acid

linoleic acid

Question 39

what is meant by the term trans-fatty acid?

Answer 39

unsaturated fatty acid with 1 or more C=C
it is artificially made via hydrogenation process
with hydrogens in trans figuration (H on opposite sides)

Question 40

name one artificial process that can produce trans-fatty acids:

Answer 40

hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fats

eg. make margarine

Question 41

list 3 foods that might contain trans-fatty acids:

Answer 41

deep fried foods, cake, chips, pastries

Question 42

high intake of trans fatty acids is linked to which disease?

Answer 42

CardioVascular Disease
increases LDL
decreases HDL