Abnormal pericardial cavity content

Question 1

what are causes for abnormal pericardial cavity content

Answer 1

blood
edema fluid
hemorrhagic effusions

Question 2

what are causes of hemopericardium

Answer 2

iatrogenic puncture
foreign body
ruptured vessel
neoplasia

Question 3

what is the condition of blood pooling in the pericardial sac compressing the heart

Answer 3

cardiac tamponade

Question 4

what is the sequelae of hemopericardium

Answer 4

cardiac failure

Question 5

what are causes of hydropericardium

Answer 5

serous pericarditis
right heart failure
obstruction at base of heart

Question 6

what is the pathogenesis of hydropericardium

Answer 6

increased vascular permeability
increased hydrostatic pressure
hypervolemia of congestive failure

Question 7

describe the edema fluid of a hydropericardium

Answer 7

clear to yellow watery fluid in pericardial sac

Question 8

in what breeds are hemorrhagic pericardial effusions more common

Answer 8

large breeds

Question 9

what is hemorrhagic pericardial effusions secondary to

Answer 9

hemangiosarcoma

Question 10

what is programmed cell death of cardiac myocytes

Answer 10

apoptosis

Question 11

what can trigger apoptosis

Answer 11

presence of excessive amounts of oxygen free radicals

Question 12

what does a lesion of apoptosis look like

Answer 12

there are no inflammatory response and fibrosis

Question 13

what can cause serous atrophy of fat

Answer 13

anorexia
starvation
cachexia

Question 14

what does serous atrophy of fat look like

Answer 14

epicardial fat replaced by grey wet gelatinous tissue

Question 15

what is the presence of increased numbers of lipocytes interposed between myocardial fibers

Answer 15

fatty infiltration

Question 16

what areas of the heart are mostly affected by fatty infiltration

Answer 16

atria and right ventricle

Question 17

what is the accumulation of abundant lipid droplets in the sarcoplasm of myocytes

Answer 17

fatty degeneration

Question 18

what can cause fatty degeneration

Answer 18

anemia
toxemia
nutritional deficiency

Question 19

what is characteristic of a heart with fatty degeneration

Answer 19

mottled, pale, flabby heart

Question 20

what is the histo path of a fatty degenerated heart

Answer 20

spherical vacuoles in myocytes

Question 21

what is the distinctive sublethal injury of cardiac muscle cells

Answer 21

myofibrillar degeneration

Question 22

what does myofibrillar degeneration look like

Answer 22

pale eosinophilic sarcoplasms and lack cross striations - “ultrastructurally myofibrils”

Question 23

what causes myofibrillar degeneration

Answer 23

furazolidone toxicosis
k deficiency

Question 24

what causes hydropic degeneration

Answer 24

doxorubicin cardiotoxicity
antiviral drugs

Question 25

what is the histo of hydropic degeneration

Answer 25

sarcoplasmic vacuolation due to distention of sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrillar lysis, myocyte atrophy, fibrosis

Question 26

what is the sequelae of hydropic degeneration

Answer 26

chronic passive congestion with ascites and cardiac dilation

Question 27

what kind of degeneration can occur in aged animals and in animals with severe cachexia and appears brown/ yellow

Answer 27

lipofuscinosis

Question 28

what causes myocardial necrosis

Answer 28

ischemia nutritional deficiency toxins metabolic disease physical injury secondary to neural injury GVD stress / shock

Question 29

what nutritional deficiency can cause mulberry heart disease in pigs

Answer 29

vitamin E- Se

Question 30

which antibiotic can cause myocardial necrosis

Answer 30

monensin

Question 31

what metabolic disease is common for causing myocardial necrosis due to toxin build up

Answer 31

azoturia

Question 32

what causes myocardial necrosis secondary to neural injury

Answer 32

"heart brain syndrome"

Question 33

what is the name for the gross appearance of myocardial necrosis

Answer 33

hyaline/ Zenkers necrosis

Question 34

describe zenkers necrosis

Answer 34

pale patches/ streaks often subendocardial and in papillary muscles that are yellow or white and gritty

Question 35

what is the histo path of myocardial necrosis

Answer 35

swollen, hypereosinophilic fibers with loss of striations and basophilic granules if mineralized pyknotic nuclei leukocytic infiltration fibrous replacement

Question 36

what can cause endocarial fibrosis and mineralization

Answer 36

vitamin D manchester wasting disease cardiac dilation cachexia uremia jet lesions

Question 37

what do endocardial fibrosis lesions look like

Answer 37

thick, rough, white areas on endocardium

Question 38

what diseases are associated with aging and degradation of valve collagen

Answer 38

valvular endocardiosis valvular fibrosis mucoid/ myxomatous valvular degeneration chronic valvular disease

Question 39

what does degradation of valve collagen look like

Answer 39

smooth, shiny firm, shortened, thick valve cusps

Question 40

true or false: valvular degeneration is the most common cause of congestive heart failure in old dogs

Answer 40

true