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Pathology II > Bones 1 > Flashcards

Bones 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

heavily mineralized and important in the structural and protective properties of bone

A

cortical bone

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2
Q

less mineralized
less dense
greater surface area allows to be more metabolically active in bone resorption

A

trabecular bone

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3
Q

fenestrated lining of endocortical surface of bone made up of osteoprogenitor cells

A

endosteum

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4
Q

function of endosteum

A

regulation of calcium exchange

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5
Q

derived from bone-marrow stromal cells and produce osteoid - important in osteoclast differentiation and control

A

osteoblasts

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6
Q

regulates osteoblast activity

A

parathyroid hormone and vitamin D

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7
Q

osteoblasts that have been surrounded and trapped by mineralized osteoid

A

osteocytes

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8
Q

function of osteocytes

A

normal bone metabolism interacting with osteoblasts and other osteocytes via long cytoplasmic processes

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9
Q

signaling molecules that control activity of other bone cells

A

osteocytes

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10
Q

derived from mesenchymal stem cells
main function is bone resorption

A

osteoclast

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11
Q

produced by osteoblasts

A

Type 1 collagen fibers

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12
Q

composition of bone matrix

A

type 1 collagen fibers
ground substance
minerals (calcium hydroxyapatite)

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13
Q

abnormalities in bone modeling

A

skeletal dysplasia
dysmorphia

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14
Q

abnormalities in bone remodeling

A

bone loss or gain
osteopenia/ osteoporosis/ osteomalacia
osteopetrosis

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15
Q

process whereby bones are shaped or reshaped by the independent action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

bone modeling

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16
Q

a process where osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes and bone lining cells work together in a bone remodeling unit

A

bone remodeling

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17
Q

type of ossification observed in flat bones

A

intramembranous ossification

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18
Q

proliferation of mesenchymal tissue forms a membrane of fibrous connective tissue with no cartilage involvement

A

intramembranous ossification

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19
Q

responsible for longitudinal bone growth of all bones that have growth plates

A

endochondral ossification

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20
Q

places of endochondral ossification

A

embryonic bone
ossification centers of growth plates

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21
Q

endochondral ossification process

A

resting cartilage
proliferation
hypertrophy
calcification
ossification

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22
Q

increased mechanical bone loading in young animals

A

increased deposition of metaphyseal trabecular bone and thicker bone cortex

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23
Q

increased mechanical bone loading in older animals

A

reduced resorptive removal of formed bone conserving bone mass already formed

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24
Q

decreased mechanical bone loading

A

accelerates bone loss by removing the inhibitory control of bone remodeling and the stimulatory control for bone deposition

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25
weakest point on a developing long bone and prone to injury
growth plates
26
common implications with a growth plate fracture
bacterial infection in young animals with septicemia
27
pathologic fractures are secondary to :
bone infections metabolic bone diseases neoplasia
28
processes of fracture repair
inflammation soft callus formation hard callus formation remodeling
29
inflammation of bone fracture
immediate attraction of mesenchymal stem cells from nearby bone periosteum and bone marrow
30
cell that creates soft callus
fibroblasts = fibrous connective tissue chondrocytes = cartilage
31
responsible for hard callus formation
calcium hydroxyapatite endochondral ossification
32
replaces hard callus
lamellar bone
33
regulates the callus remodeling
processes of remodeling bone process
34
diseases of hematogenous bone infections
embolic physitis osteomyelitis suppurative diskospondylitis
35
disorder of bone formation
osteogenesis imperfecta
36
cell responsible for osteogenesis imperfecta
osteoblasts
37
inherited bone disease secondary to a connective tissue disorder cause by issue with production type 1 collagen in bone, tendons, dentin of teeth and sclera of eyes
osteogenesis imperfecta
38
sequelae of type 1 collagen mutation
secondary bone problems
39
disease of bone resorption
osteopetrosis (marble bone disease)
40
cell responsible for osteopetrosis
osteoclast
41
condition characterized by increase in bone density secondary to failure in bone resorption by osteoclasts
osteopetrosis marble bone disease
42
process of osteopetrosis
increase trabecular bone decreased in cortical bone due to decreased bone remodeling
43
sequelae of osteopetrosis
brittle bone + increased fractures
44
pathophysiology of osteopetrosis
impairs osteoclasts reduce osteoclastic osteolysis leading to reduced bone remodeling
45
disorders of bone modeling
congenital cortical hyperostosis craniomandibular osteopathy
46
genetic disease of piglets characterized by abnormal periosteal bone formation of the long bones
congenital cortical hyperostosis
47
pathophysiology of diaphyseal dysplasia
unknown poor blood flow to tissues or edema leading to proliferation of bony tissue in the diaphysis of affected animals
48
gross impact of congenital cortical hyperostosis
bones of limbs are thickened and hard
49
irregular, diffusely thickened bones of the skull - mandibles, occipital and temporal bones most affect Westies
craniomandibular osteopathy
50
inherited condition of bone growth caused by abnormal development of growth cartilage secondary to disordered cartilage development
chondrodysplasia
51
sequelae of chondrodysplasia
disproportionate dwarfism
52
location of osteochondrosis lesions
physeal growth plates growth plates of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex
53
disease which lesion is focal retention of growth plate cartilage because of failure in endochondral ossification
osteochondrosis
54
pale white, well-defined focus to wedge-shaped focus of hyaline cartilage in the physis or AECC
early lesion of osteochondrosis
55
necrosis with development of a cystic space after the necrotic cartilage is removed
mature osteochondrosis lesion
56
common sites of osteochondrosis in dogs
humeral head and medial humeral condyle both condyles of distal femur and trochlear ridges
57
a continuation of osteochondrosis when tears and clefts of the AECC form over sites of subchondral necrosis
osteochondrosis dissecans
58
sequelae of OCD
joint stiffness and pain joint effusion swelling synovitis
59
created from cartilaginous tears torn from viable cartilage forming a free-floating piece
joint mouse
60
frequently develops because of OCD
secondary degenerative joint disease
61
disease of large fast growing meat chickens (broilers) commonly observed in the tibia
tibial dyschondroplasia
62
cause of tibial dyschondroplasia
lack of penetration of vessels into physeal cartilage leading to failure of endochondral ossificatino
63
hypothesis to pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia
defective metaphyseal vessels dont penetrate abnormal immature physeal cartilage defective physeal cartilage resorption
64
main mineral deficiencies in metabolic bone disease
calcium phosphorus vitamin D
65
bone mass is reduced but there is no clinical signs
osteopenia
66
bone mass is reduced and there are clinical signs (bone fractures)
osteoporosis
67
causes of osteopenia and osteoporosis
calcium deficiency starvation physical inactivity hypogonadism long term steroids
68
bone conditions caused by defective mineralization of bone matrix
rickets osteomalacia
69
defective mineralization of bone matrix seen in young animals
rickets
70
defective mineralization of bone matrix seen in old animals
osteomalacia
71
affects bone and growth plates
rickets
72
only affects bone of mature animals
osteomalacia
73
mineral deficiencies that cause rickets or osteomalacia
vitamin D phosphate
74
decreased calcium leads to
decreased bone synthesis increased bone resorption decreased growth plate mineralization
75
in what type of animals would you expect to see rickets and osteomalacia secondary to phosphorus deficiency
grazing pastures low in phosphorus
76
causes of fibrous osteodystrophy
primary hyperparathyroidism secondary hyperparathyroidism
77
rare in domestic animals due to excessive amount of PTH due to tumors or bilateral hyperplasia
primary hyperthyroidism
78
causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism
nutritional renal
79
main cause of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
dietary factors that lead to decreased concentrations of serum ionized calcium
80
animals most likely to suffer from secondary hyperparathyroidism
young animals with feed imbalance horses with high phosphorus diets
81
cause of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in dogs and cats
raw diets (meat) high in phosphorus and little calcium
82
CS of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in cats and dogs
bone pain (reluctance to move, incoordination, hindlimb lameness and progression to fractures) thickening of bones of the face and head
83
big head / bran disease
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in horses
84
causes of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in horses
diets high in grain or grain bi-products (bran) high oxalate diets
85
CS of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in horses
bilateral enlargement of the bones of the head especially the maxillary and mandibular bone
86
cause of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in pigs
young growing animals fed grain rations without mineral supplement
87
most common bone disease seen in captive reptiles
fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to nutritional hyperparathyroidism
88
mineral deficiency causing nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in reptiles
vitamin D3 lack of UVB light
89
bone condition secondary to deranged renal function
renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
90
most common cause of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in dogs
chronic renal disease
91
pathophysiology of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
impaired glomerular filtration secondary to loss of renal parenchyma leading to reducing renal clearance of phosphate leading to hyperphosphatemia
92
interference of blood flow within the marrow space leading to necrosis
aseptic necrosis of bone
93
usually secondary to some neoplastic or non-neoplastic condition
osteonecrosis
94
aseptic necrosis / avascular necrosis of the femoral head
leg-calve-perthes disease
95
pathogenesis of leg-calve-perthes disease
repeated bouts of bone ischemia and necrosis in the femoral head
96
sequelae of leg-calves-perthes disease
collapse of the necrotic subchondral bone leading to flattening and fracture of the femoral head
97
causes of suppurative necrosis of bone
navel-ill septicemia
98
chronic osteomyelitis of cattle caused by actinomyces bovis through damaged oral mucosa resulting in swollen, deformed bone secondary to the infection and bone and soft tissue reaction to the infection
mandibular osteomyelitis lumpy jaw
99
non-neoplastic proliferative lesion of bone
hypertrophic osteopathy
100
extensive periosteal new bone growth forming along the diaphysis and metaphysis of bones of the lower leg
hypertrophic osteopathy
101
causes of hypertrophic osteopathy
systemic hypoxia causing release of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor
102
CS of hypertrophic osteopathy
bony extremities (big paws)

Pathology II (13 decks)

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