Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxicity - Neuro Necrosis

Question 1

species thiamine deficiency does not occur in

Answer 1

ruminants - depletion from decreased ruminal synthesis

Question 2

etiology of polioencephalomalacia of sheep and cattle

Answer 2

thiamine depletion

Question 3

pathogenesis of polioencephalomalacia

Answer 3

thiamine functions as a coenzyme in metabolism

Question 4

CS of polioencephalomalcia

Answer 4

prominent neurological signs due to neurons and glial cell attacks

Question 5

possible connection to thiamine deficiency

Answer 5

high dietary sulfur

Question 6

gross lesions of polioencephalomalacia

Answer 6

confined to the CNS
focal or diffuse necrosis of GREY MATTER

Question 7

differential diagnoses with thiamine deficiency

Answer 7

lead poisoning
salt poisoning
cases of anoxia
high dietary sulfur

Question 8

deficiency that impedes cellular respiration, energy deprivation, defective myelinogenesis

Answer 8

copper

Question 9

species commonly associated with copper deficiency

Answer 9

sheep
goats

Question 10

CS with copper deficiency

Answer 10

swayback in lambs
enzootic ataxia

Question 11

gross lesions of swayback in lambs

Answer 11

cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord
bilaterally symmetrical leukoencephalomalacia
WHITE MATTER

Question 12

microscopic lesions of swayback

Answer 12

astrogliosis
degeneration of white matter
neuronal necrosis

Question 13

lesions of enzootic ataxia

Answer 13

brainstem and spinal cord
GREY MATTER AND WHITE MATTER
chromatolysis
neuronal necrosis
**degeneration of myelinated axons

Question 14

etiology of avian encephalomalacia

Answer 14

vitamin E deficiency in chicks
-encephalomalacia
-exudative diathesis
-nutritional muscular dystrophy

Question 15

CS of avian encephalomalacia

Answer 15

sudden prostration with the legs outstretched
toes flexed
head retracted
uncoordinated gait

Question 16

lesions of avian encephalomalacia

Answer 16

cerebellum
malacia
necrotic reddish or brown
exudative diathesis
nutritional muscular dystrophy

Question 17

neuraxonal dystrophy in Morgan horses
equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
encephalomalacia in birds

Answer 17

vitamin E deficiency

Question 18

microscopic changes of vitamin E deficiency

Answer 18

neuraxonal dystrophy or axonal spheroids
+ axonal degeneration

Question 19

glutathione depletion leading to oxidative damage in the pallidus and substantia commonly in horses in California

Answer 19

yellow star thistle

Question 20

gross lesions of yellow star thistle

Answer 20

sharply demarcated foci of yellow discoloration and malacia in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Question 21

CS of yellow star thistle

Answer 21

cant masticate food
open-mouth, tongue hanging out
salivation
weight loss
aspiration pneumonia
drowsy

Question 22

microscopic lesions of yellow star thistle

Answer 22

necrosis with loss of neurons, axons, glia and blood vessles
** influx of macrophages

Question 23

most important toxicity in farm animals

Answer 23

lead poisoning

Question 24

lead absorbed and stored in liver and kidneys

Answer 24

acute poisoing

Question 25

lead deposited in bone

Answer 25

chronic lead poisoning

Question 26

mechanism of brain damage by lead poisoning

Answer 26

lead disrupts Ca homeostasis = apoptosis astrocytes sensitive to the toxic effects of lead = no repair and functional deficits

Question 27

lesions of acute lead poisoning

Answer 27

minimal or absent

Question 28

lesions of subacute or chronic lead poisoning

Answer 28

laminar cerebral cortical necrosis

Question 29

differential diagnosis with lead poisoning

Answer 29

thiamine deficiency sulfur toxicity

Question 30

neurotoxicity in pigs causing acute paralytic syndrome

Answer 30

selenium toxicity

Question 31

often seen with selenium changes

Answer 31

vascular impacts/ changes

Question 32

gross lesion seen with selenium toxicity

Answer 32

bilateral poliomyelomalacia

Question 33

microscopic lesions with selenium toxicity

Answer 33

status spongiosus neuronal chromatolysis neuronal necrosis wallerian degeneration

Question 34

gross lesions of sulfur toxicity

Answer 34

focal or diffuse necrosis of the cerebrocortical grey matter deeper laminae most affected

Question 35

occurs with free access water of low saline content with excessive consumption in pigs and poultry

Answer 35

salt toxicity

Question 36

CS of salt toxicity

Answer 36

blindness deafness head pressing convulsions tremors of snout clonic spasms ** sits down or walks backward**

Question 37

microscopic lesion of salt toxicity

Answer 37

eosinophilic meningoencephalitis encephalomalacia (laminar necrosis and astrocytic swelling)

Question 38

corn contaminated with fusarium moniliforme

Answer 38

leukoencephalomalacia in horses

Question 39

CS of moldy corn disease

Answer 39

drowsiness, impaired vision pharyngeal paralysis head pressing wandering staggering tendency to circle

Question 40

lesions of moldy corn toxicity

Answer 40

necrosis of white matter of cerebral hemispheres + focal malacia with hemorrhages

Question 41

what is not a prominent microscopic lesion of moldy corn toxicity

Answer 41

perivascular cuffing