Standards of Cardiology

Question 1

what changes to the heart are indicative of pathologic alterations

Answer 1

dilation
hypertrophy

Question 2

what is the main reason for hypertrophy of the heart

Answer 2

long term compensation to increased work load

Question 3

what are the types of responses to injury of the heart

Answer 3

disturbances to circulation
disturbances of growth
cell degeneration and death
inflammation

Question 4

what is a failure of synchronized cardiac contraction

Answer 4

arrhythmias

Question 5

what manifests left heart failure

Answer 5

pulmonary congestion and edema

Question 6

what manifests right heart failure

Answer 6

hepatic congestion

Question 7

what are the 3 causes of left heart failure

Answer 7

myocardial contractility
dysfunction of the mitral or aortic valves
congenital heart disease

Question 8

what are the 3 causes of right heart failure

Answer 8

pulmonary hypertension
cardiomyopathy
disease of the tricuspid and pulmonary valve