Alcohol

Question 1

What is the prevalence of alcohol hepatitis in heavy drinkers?

Answer 1

50%

Question 1

What can result from the decrease in gluconeogenesis during alcohol metabolism?

Answer 1

Hypoglycaemia > faintness

Question 3

How fast to do humans clear alcohol from the system?

Answer 3

1 standard drink per hour or ~0.015% decrease in blood alcohol

Question 3

Apart from the liver, where else can alcohol dehydrogenase be present?

Answer 3

The stomach mucosa

Question 4

What are the two alternate pathways for alcohol metabolism apart for alcohol dehydrogenase?

Answer 4

Cytochrome P450 - CYP 2E1

Oxidation by catalase

Question 5

What is acetaldehyde converted into in alcohol metabolism?

Answer 5

Acetate

Question 5

What catalyses acetaldehyde to acetate?

Answer 5

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 6

At what alcohol percentage is consciousness lost?

Answer 6

0.3%

Question 7

At what alcohol percentage does dysphoria replace euphoria?

Answer 7

0.16-0.2%

Question 8

What happens to serum albumin concentration over the course of chronic liver disease?

Answer 8

It remains stable right up until cirrhosis presents

Question 8

What limits the rate at which alcohol can be removed from the blood?

Answer 8

The alcohol dehydrogenase metabolism pathway is quickly saturated

Question 9

How does alcohol affect the CNS?

Answer 9

Disrupts neuronal cell membranes making them leaky and impairing their action

Question 10

Which GABA receptor agonists helps with alcohol withdrawals?

Answer 10

Acamprosate

Question 11

What is the most significant enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde?

Answer 11

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 12

Where does most alcohol enter the blood from?

Answer 12

The intestines

Question 13

Why does gluconeogenesis decrease in response to alcohol consumption?

Answer 13

Alcohol dehydrogenase produces NAPH (as well as acetaldehyde)

Question 14

What can you give alcoholics to help them stop drinking?

Answer 14

Disulfiram - inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 15

What happens to acetate in alcohol metabolism?

Answer 15

Goes into the TCA cycle for energy

or is converted into fat

Question 17

How much of liver can you loose while retaining liver function??

Answer 17

60%

Question 18

How fast can you clear alcohol from the blood?

Answer 18

0.015% alcohol per hour

Question 18

What are the effects of alcohol of drug metabolism?

Answer 18

Prevents drug clearance when alcohol is present (they share the same metabolic pathway)

Promotes drug clearance when alcohol isn’t present

Question 19

Why do some people of Japanese and Chinese descent have trouble with alcohol?

Answer 19

They have an inactive variant of aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 20

What are some ways alcohol damaged cells?

Answer 20

Decreases intake of anti-oxidants

Decrease intake of glutathione

CYP2E1 free radicals

Increases absorption of Fe > free radicals

Question 21

What is the chemical formula for ethanol?

Answer 21

C2H5OH

Question 23

What can slow alcohol absorption?

Answer 23

Food, particularly fatty food

Question 24

What are indicators of severe alcohol dependency?

Answer 24

When withdrawal causes anxiety, tremors, sweating and vomiting

Question 25

What chemical do we refer to when we use the common term "alcohol"

Answer 25

Ethanol

Question 27

What can happen to CYP2E1 in response to chronic alcohol consumption?

Answer 27

Increases up to 4-fold

Question 28

Does alcoholic cirrhosis occur in all heavy drinkers?

Answer 28

No, only 15-30%

Question 29

T/F There is a genetic component in alcoholism

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Why aren't alcohol as obese as expected from their alcohol consumption?

Answer 30

CYP2E1 metabolism consumes NADPH

Question 31

T/F The liver metabolises all alcohol consumed

Answer 31

False, it metabolises 90% Some is metabolised in the stomach

Question 32

Why are women more likely to be affected by alcohol?

Answer 32

Because it doesn't distribute into fat

Question 33

Name some signs of alcoholism

Answer 33

Jaundice Ascites Palmar erythema Gynacomastia Enlarged collateral vessels Hand tremor Neurological disturbances Oesophageal varices

Question 35

Does alcohol get through the BBB?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

How does alcohol cause dehydration?

Answer 36

Interferes with the pituitary to decrease it production of anti-diuretics

Question 37

What is the cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 37

Thiamin deficiency

Question 38

How is testosterone affected by alcohol consumption?

Answer 38

Destroyed

Question 39

What daily alcohol consumption is a low risk to health?

Answer 39

2