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Hugh's MD1 Abdominal > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the stomodeum?

A

Thin barrier that will become the mouth

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1
Q

Most of the urogenital system is formed from what? What isn’t?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

Bladder and urethra

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2
Q

What is the issue with ectoderm taking over control of regulating limb development?

A

It is only one layer thick > easily damaged > damage leads to malformation

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3
Q

Somites split into 3 layers, what are they called?

A

Sclerotome (>bone of axial skeleton)

Myotome (>muscle)

Dermotone (>dermis of skin)

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3
Q

What is the function of the allantois in most developing mammals?

A

Stores nitrogenous waste

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3
Q

When does the small bowel move out into the body stalk and when does it retract?

A

Week 6-7 and week 9 respectively

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3
Q

What causes sinus invertus?

A

Cilia on the primitive node of the primitive groove don’t beat correctly sending TFs and other developmental factors a random direction (instead of right to left)

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4
Q

Why don’t human use their yolk sack?

A

All nutrients are provided the mother

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4
Q

Where does the urorectal septum lie?

A

Between the allantois and hindgut

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5
Q

What is the 16 cell stage called?

A

Morula

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5
Q

What is the name of the defect where the urogenital folds don’t properly fold?

A

Hypospadiasis

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6
Q

Abnormalities in which broad factors can lead to birth defects?

A

Genes

Metabolism - deficiency in requirement

Intrauterine environment

Chromosome

Teratogen

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6
Q

At what stage is all major organogenesis finished?

A

3 months (first trimester)

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7
Q

What is the name of the cavity in the blastocyst?

A

Blastocoele

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7
Q

What is amelia?

A

Absent limb

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7
Q

What is the most critical period for development of birth defects?

A

First month

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8
Q

What is derived from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Urogenital system

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8
Q

Why are the pharyngeal arches important?

A

Because they go on to form a multitude of different structures in the face and cervical region therefore defects in them have a large impact

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9
Q

What do neural crest defects result in?

A

Cleft palate defects

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10
Q

Which opens first the stomodeum or the proctodeum?

A

The stomodeum (mouth one)

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11
Q

What is the rate of cleft palate defects?

A

1:1000

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11
Q

Which germ layer initiates limb development?

A

Mesoderm

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12
Q

What is the proctodeum?

A

The thin barrier that will become the anus

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13
Q

Fusion of what causes the penis?

A

Urogenital folds

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14
Q

What is the frequency of birth defects?

A

1:33 in live births

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14
Q

What is the rate of hypospadiasis?

A

1:300

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16
Q

What part of the blastocyst goes on to form the embryo?

A

Inner cell mass

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18
Q

How does the fertilised egg get down the fallopian tube?

A

Cilia action

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18
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

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19
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Stiffened rod that runs down the midline in the developing embryo

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20
Q

Endoderm is always found with what?

A

Mesoderm

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21
Q

At the 20 somitomere stage, at what number do the somites start breaking off?

A

8, (1-7 stay attached and become the head)

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22
Q

What is the name of the structure that becomes the regulator of limb development?

A

Apical ectodermal ridge

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22
Q

What is the rate of limb malformations?

A

1:500

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23
Q

What is a failure of the gut to retract back into the body cavity called?

A

Omphalocoele

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24
Q

What is the name of genetic congenital hip malformation?

A

Acetabulum malformation

26
Q

Where do neural crest cell come from?

A

On top of the neural tube

27
Q

The superior mesenteric artery act as what for the developing gut?

A

Axis of rotation

29
Q

When to inner cell mass splits into 2, only one part goes on to develop into the embryo, which one is that?

A

Epiblast

30
Q

Two tubes are formed in the purse string closure of the embryo, the primitive gut and the …?

A

Coelom

31
Q

When does the flapper valve in the atria close?

A

Upon taking the first breath

32
Q

Will a heart defect abort a foetus in utero?

A

No, only become a problem after birth

33
Q

Why ventricular defects occur?

A

The foramen present in utero doesn’t close over properly

34
Q

What is the failure of the abdominal wall to seal after retraction of the gut called?

A

Umbilical hernia

35
Q

The trophoblast of the blastocyst becomes what?

A

The life support system of the embryo

37
Q

What are somites?

A

Broken off, free floating somitomeres

39
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The splitting of the inner cell mass into 2 then 3 layers

40
Q

What does the lateral mesoderm split into?

A

Somatic and Splanchic mesoderm

41
Q

At what day does the heart start developing?

A

22

42
Q

How does the liver, lungs, pancreas and trachea develop off the developing GIT?

A

Outpocketing of endoderm that interacts with mesoderm

44
Q

Splitting of the ectoderm ridge results in what?

A

Diplopodia

46
Q

What are crest palate defects due to?

A

Failure of neural crest cells to migrate completely to the midline of the face

47
Q

What are mesenchymal cell like?

A

Free moving, with associated connective tissue (opposite to epithelial cells)

49
Q

What does the notochord do to the overlying ectoderm in the early embryo?

A

Direct it to developed into the neural plate - the precursor to the nervous system

50
Q

What is the limb field?

A

A patch of mesoderm that goes on to develop into the limbs

51
Q

What is most of the heart derived from? Be specific

A

Lateral splanchnic mesoderm

52
Q

At what stage does the blastocyst implant in the uterine wall?

A

5-10 days

53
Q

What is the name of the structure that the kidneys and ureters are derived from?

A

Mesonephros

54
Q

What does the urorectal septum do?

A

Separates the allantois and hindgut as it travels to the cloacal membrane

55
Q

What is the most common birth defect?

A

Heart defect 1:200

56
Q

What is it called when apoptosis fails leaving fused fingers?

A

Syndactyly

57
Q

What two germ layers make up the viscera? (be specific)

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

Endoderm

58
Q

How are digits formed?

A

Apoptosis of symmetrical disc between where fingers will form

59
Q

How does the foetus compensate for the small bowel growing too long?

A

It extends into the body stalk

60
Q

What do neural crest cell become?

A

Peripheral nervous system tissue

Schwann cells

Melanocytes

Dentine

Facial bone, skin, muscle

61
Q

What is the cloacal membrane?

A

Primitive seal of the anus

62
Q

What is derived from endoderm?

A

Epithelium of gut, lung, liver, pancreas and associated organs

63
Q

What is the name of the structure that undergoes cavitation at day 4?

A

Blastocyst

65
Q

What are the most common heart defects?

A

Venticular defects (25%)

66
Q

What organ is slowest to develop?

A

Brain

67
Q

The embryonic mesoderm is divided into three sections, what are they called.

A

Paraxial (medial)

Intermediate

Lateral mesoderm

68
Q

Which part of the limb field can be removed but compensated for?

A

The free limb patch

70
Q

What are the names of the two tubes that become the heart?

A

Endocardial tubes

71
Q

What is derived from ectoderm?

A

Neural tissue

Epidermis

72
Q

Which germ initiates and which germ layer finishs limb development?

A

Mesoderm and ectoderm respectively

73
Q

What does the allantois become in humans?

A

The bladder and urogenital tract

74
Q

What is derived from mesoderm?

A

Kidneys

Heart

Muscle

Most bones

Blood and vessels

Connective tissue

Gonads

Dermis of skin

Urogenital tract

Wall of gut and resp tract (but not epithelium)

76
Q

What does the neural plate do?

A

Fold to form the neural groove

77
Q

Of the 3 kidney pairs that develop, only one is used for the kidneys. What is the the second pair recycled for?

A

The ductus deferens from the mesonephric duct

79
Q

What is meromelia?

A

Limb defect where hand or foot is present on a shortened limb

80
Q

What are somitomeres?

A

Swelling of paraxial mesoderm running down laterally

81
Q

What is the coelom?

A

Hollow space around the viscera

82
Q

What is derived from the lateral mesoderm?

A

Heart

Blood

Limb skeleton

Ventrolateral body wall

Wall of gut and resp tract

Visceral peritoneum and pleura

83
Q

What brings the colon into its normal place?

A

Twisting of the small bowel pulls it down

85
Q

What two germ layers become the body wall? (be specific)

A

Ectoderm

Somatic mesoderm

86
Q

Which part of the developing gut remains connected to the yolk sack?

A

Midgut

87
Q

When in embryonic development does limb development begin?

A

End of fourth week

88
Q

What sets right-left asymmetry of (some) of the visceral?

A

The action of cilia in the primitive groove controlling the direction of transcription factor flow

89
Q

What is sinus invertus?

A

Inversion of the viscera so that they are on the opposite side

Hugh's MD1 Abdominal (21 decks)

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