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Biochemistry > Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins > Flashcards

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins are

A

the main agents of biological function

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2
Q

Amino Acids are the

A

basic building blocks of proteins

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3
Q

There are more than ____ amino acids in nature

A

300

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4
Q

How many amino acids are found in the human body?

A

20

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5
Q

Most amino acids in the human body are made up of

A

a-L amino acids

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6
Q

Amino Acid Structure:

Each amino acid has

A

an a-amino group
an a-carboxyl group
a hydrogen atom
a specific side chain (R group) bonded to the a-carbon atom

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7
Q

Amino Acid Structure:

Each amino acid has

A

an a-amino group
an a-carboxyl group
a hydrogen atom
a specific side chain (R group) bonded to the a-carbon atom

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8
Q

What is an alpha amino acid?

A

a compound containing an amino group, -NH2, and a carboxylic acid group, -COOH

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9
Q

Where does the amino group attach in biologically important amino acids?

A

it’s attached to the carbon atom next door to the COOH group

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10
Q

What are alpha amino acids known as?

A

2-amino acids

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11
Q

What are the 2 stereoiwsomers of alanine ?

A

L- and D-alanine

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12
Q

How are amino acids classified?

A 
side chain (R-group) classification 
solubility classification
metabolic classification
nutritional classification
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13
Q

The structure of the R-group dictates

A

the chemical properties of the amino acid

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14
Q

Classification by the structure of R includes:

A 
-aliphatic (5)
aromatic (3)
psitively charged (3)
negatively charged (2)
amino acids derived from acidic amino acids (2)
sulfur containing amino acids (2)
hydroxyl-containing amino acids (3)
iminio acid (1)
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15
Q

Examples of aliphatic amino acids

A 
glycine
alanine 
valine 
leucine
isoleucine
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16
Q

Glycine has unique properties because

A

its R group is just hydrogen

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17
Q

All amino acids are chiral except

A

glycine

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18
Q

How is glycine’s side chain unique?

A

the side chain is smaller than all others, which allows greater conformational flexibility than other amino acids

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19
Q

Examples of Aromatic Amino Acids

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan

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20
Q

Examples of Aromatic Amino Acids

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan

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21
Q

Acidic amino acids
R group=
Donates __
_________ charged

A

carboxylic acid
H+
negatively

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22
Q

Basic amino acids
R group=
Accepts __
_________ charged

A

amine
H+
positively

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23
Q

Examples of negatively charged R-groups

A

asparatate

glutamate

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24
Q

Examples of positively charged R groups

A

Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

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25
Q

Examples of sulfur-containing amino acid R-groups

A

cysteine

methionine

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26
Q

Examples of OH-containing amino acids (R-groups)

A

serine
threonine
tyrosine

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27
Q

Derivatives of acidic amino acids include:

A

asparagine

glutamine

28
Q

Proline is unique due to

A

it’s cyclic structure (no free rotation)

29
Q

Solubility in water classification

A

hydrophilic amino acids

hydrophobic amino acids

30
Q

Hydrophilic amino acids

A

polar, dissolve in water

31
Q

Hydrophobic amino acids

A

nonpolar, don’t dissolve in water

32
Q

Name all proteins in the hydrophobic (non-polar) R-group

hint: GAL VIMP

A 
glycine
alanine
leucine
valine
isoleucine
methionine
proline
33
Q

Name all the proteins in the hydrophilic (polar) R-group- uncharged
hint: STAGC

A 
Serine
Threonine
Aspargine
Glutamine 
Cysteine
34
Q

Name all the proteins in the hydrophilic (polar) R-group- positively charged
LAH

A

lysine
arginine
histidine

35
Q

Name all the proteins in the hydrophillic (polar) R-group-negatively charged
hint: AG

A

aspartic acid

glutamic acid

35
Q

Name all the proteins in the hydrophillic (polar) R-group-negatively charged
hint: AG

A

aspartic acid

glutamic acid

36
Q

Name all the proteins in the hydrophilic (polar) R-group- aromatic R-group
hint: TPT

A

tyrosine
phenylalanine
tryptophan

37
Q

Name one characteristic of the Nonpolar, aliphatic R group

A

the amino acids in this group lack polar functional groups in their side chains

38
Q

Due to the _______ of their R groups, they often cluster together within the interior of proteins, ________ protein structure via _________ ________.

A

hydrophobicity, stabilizing, hydrophobic interactions

39
Q

The side-chains of the aromatic amino acids, overall are very _______.

A

hydrophobic

40
Q

The R group of _______ also contains a polar _______ group that can participate in __ ________ interactions.

A

tyrosine, hydroxyl, H bonding

41
Q

Polar, uncharged R groups: These amino acids side chains can form ________ _______.

A

hydrogen bonds

42
Q

Cytesine can form ________ _____.

A

disulfide bonds

43
Q

The R groups of the polar, uncharged amino acids all contain _____ _______ groups that can _______ _______ with water.

A

polar functional

hydrogen bond

44
Q

Serine and threonine contain

A

hydroxyl groups

45
Q

Asparagine and glutamine contain

A

amide groups

46
Q

Cystesine contains a __________ group.

A

sulfhydryl

47
Q

The ______ groups of 2 cysteine residues are readily _______ to form a _________ linked dimeric amino acid known as cystine.

A

thiol
oxidized
covalently

48
Q

In proteins, disulfide bonds form ______ links between different parts of a _________ chain or between 2 different ________ chains.

A

covalent, polypeptide, poplypeptide

49
Q

The disulfide-linked cystine residue is strongly

A

hydrophobic

50
Q

Metabolic classification includes

A

glucogenic amino acids
purely ketogenic amino acids
mixed amino acids

51
Q

Glucogenic amino acids

A

these amino acids could give intermediates which can finally give glucose

52
Q

Purely ketogenic amino acids

A

they give ketone bodies after its degradation in the body, but not glucose

53
Q

The only ketogenic amino acids are

A

leucine and lysine

54
Q

Mixed Amino Acids

A

These are amino acids that can give both ketone bodies and glucose intermediates.

55
Q

The mixed amino acids are

A

PTILT

phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, lysine, and tryptophan

56
Q

Other than PTILT, the rest of amino acids are all purely

A

glucogenic

57
Q

Nutritional classification of amino acids includes:

A

essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids

58
Q

Essential amino acids

A

are not synthesized in the body

59
Q

Non-essential amino acids are

A

synthesized in the body

60
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

10 amino acids are not synthesized by the body

61
Q

The 10 amino acids that must be obtained from the diet are:

A 
PVT Tim Hall
phenylalanine
valine 
tryptophan
threonine
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
arginine
leucine
lysine
62
Q

Non-essential amino acids

hint: AAAACGGGPST

A 
alanine
arginine
asparagine
aspartic acid
cysteine
glutamic acid
glutamine
glycine
proline
serine
tyrosine
63
Q

What are partially essential or semi-essential amino acids?

A

amino acids that growing children require (in food) but are not essential for an adult

64
Q

Name 2 semi-indispensable amino acids:

A

histidine

arginine

Biochemistry (25 decks)

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