Biochemistry terminology (additional vocab)

Question 1

Carbohydrate

Answer 1

polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or a substance that can be hydrolyzed to a polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

Question 2

CHO

Answer 2

carbs composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Question 3

monosaccharide

Answer 3

a carb composed of 1 sugar unit

Question 4

dissacharide

Answer 4

a carb composed of 2 sugar units

Question 5

Oligosaccharide

Answer 5

a carb composed of 3-10 sugar units

Question 6

Polysaccharide

Answer 6

a carb composed of more than 10 sugar units

Question 7

Triose

Answer 7

a sugar (monosaccharide) with 3 carbon atoms

Question 8

Tetrose

Answer 8

a sugar has 4 carbon atoms

Question 9

Pentose

Answer 9

a sugar has 5 carbon atoms

Question 10

Hexose

Answer 10

a sugar with 6 carbon atoms

Question 11

Aldose

Answer 11

a sugar containing an aldehyde group

Question 12

Ketose

Answer 12

a sugar containing a keto group

Question 13

Asymmetric C atom

Answer 13

the carbon atom in which 4 diff. groups or atoms are attached

Question 14

Optical activity

Answer 14

the ability of a substance to rotate plane- polarized light either to the left or right

Question 15

Enantiomers

Answer 15

a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other

Question 16

Epimers

Answer 16

2 isomers with diff. configurations of atoms around 1 of several asymmetric carbon atoms present

Question 17

Anomers

Answer 17

is a special type of epimer that differs only in its configuration at the anomeric carbon

Question 18

Stereochemistry

Answer 18

a subdiscipline of chemistry involving the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules

Question 19

Chiral molecule

Answer 19

a molecule that have a least 1 asymmetric carbon atom

Question 20

glycosidic bond

Answer 20

the bond between a carb and another compound (CHO or non CHO) to form a complex carb

Question 21

Invert sugar

Answer 21

a sugar that contains equal number of both glucose and fructose molecule (unbound, mixture)

Question 22

TAG

Answer 22

triacylglycerol

Question 23

TG

Answer 23

triglyceride

Question 24

FA

Answer 24

fatty acid

Question 25

LDL

Answer 25

low density lipoprotein

Question 26

VLDL

Answer 26

very low density lipoprotein

Question 27

IDL

Answer 27

intermediate density lipoprotein

Question 28

HDL

Answer 28

high density lipoprotein

Question 29

eicosanoids 2

Answer 29

cyclic compounds derived from arachidnoic acid (eicosa, 20 carbons) after cyclization of its carbons chain to form a ring

Question 30

Steroids

Answer 30

a group of compounds that contains a ring called cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring

Question 31

aa

Answer 31

amino acid

Question 32

amphoteric

Answer 32

capability of a molecule to behave as both an acid and base

Question 33

Zwitterion

Answer 33

a molecule or ion having separated positively and negatively charged groups ( electrically neutral)

Question 34

Peptides

Answer 34

short polymers of amino acids formed of less than 50 amino acids

Question 35

peptide bonds

Answer 35

the bond between an amino acid and another amino acid to form a peptide chain

Question 36

Purine/pyrimidine

Answer 36

nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds whose rings contain both carbon and other elements (hetero atoms)

Question 37

``` A G C T U ```

Answer 37

``` adenine guanine cytosine thymine uracil ```

Question 38

ATP

Answer 38

adenosine triphosphate

Question 39

GTP

Answer 39

guanosine triphosphate

Question 40

UTP

Answer 40

uridine triphosphate

Question 41

CTP

Answer 41

cytidine triphosphate

Question 42

TTP

Answer 42

thymidine triphosphate

Question 43

ADP

Answer 43

adenosine diphosphate

Question 44

AMP

Answer 44

adenosine monophosphate

Question 45

cAMP

Answer 45

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Question 46

FMN

Answer 46

flavin mononucleotide

Question 47

FAD

Answer 47

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 48

NAD

Answer 48

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 49

NADP

Answer 49

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 50

nucleoside

Answer 50

composed of nitrogenous base and sugar

Question 51

nucleotide

Answer 51

composed of nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

Question 52

DNA

Answer 52

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 53

RNA

Answer 53

ribonucleic acid

Question 54

mRNA

Answer 54

messenger RNA

Question 55

tRNA

Answer 55

transfer RNA

Question 56

rRNA

Answer 56

ribosomal RNA

Question 57

Central dogma

Answer 57

the flow of the genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 58

Catalysts

Answer 58

organic or inorganic substances that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions

Question 59

Enzymes

Answer 59

specific protein catalysts that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions

Question 60

Substrate

Answer 60

the substance upon which the enzyme acts

Question 61

Holoenzyme

Answer 61

the enzyme that is a conjugated protein in its nature (composed of protein and non-protein parts)

Question 62

Apoenzyme

Answer 62

the protein part of the holoenzyme

Question 63

Cofactor

Answer 63

the non-protein part of the holoenzyme that is required for the activity

Question 64

Coenzymes

Answer 64

small organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis, bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in catalysis

Question 65

Zymogen

Answer 65

the inactive enzyme precursor