Water Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

How are water soluble vitamins different from fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

• most are readily excreted thus toxicity is rare
• deficiencies occur on an inadequate diet
• participate in energy metabolism, function as coenzymes

Question 2

Water soluble vitamins include

Answer 2

B1  thiamine
B2 riboflavin
B3 niacin
B5 pantothenic acid
B6 pydridoxine
B7 biotin
B9 folate
B12 cobalamin
C ascorbic acid

Question 3

B vitamins are

Answer 3

energy releasing water-soluble vitamins

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7

Question 4

Hematopoietic water-soluble vitamins include

hematopoietic- an immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells

Answer 4

B9, B12

Question 5

Thiamin (vitamin B1)

Answer 5

has a central role in energy-yielding metabolism of carbs

-converted to the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Question 6

Deficiency of thiamin

Answer 6

• most often seen in elderly groups on restricted diet

- severe thiamin deficiency is known as beriberi characterized by neuromuscular symptoms

Question 7

What is the RDA (recommended daily allowance) for thiamin for the normal adult?

Answer 7

1.0-1.2 mg/day for the normal adult

Question 8

Vitamin B1 foods include

Answer 8

green peas
sunflower seeds
Brussel sprouts
quinoa
sesame/chia seeds
black beans
seaweed 
squash 
macadamia nuts

Question 9

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Answer 9

has a central role in energy metabolism

deficiency is rare

Question 10

The precursor of FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavin mononucleotide) is

Answer 10

riboflavin

Question 11

The RDA for riboflavin is

Answer 11

1.0-1.3 mg/day for the normal adult

Question 12

Vitamin B2 rich foods are

Answer 12

carrot leaves
papaya
eggs
cheese
beans 
liver

Question 13

Niacin B3 is

Answer 13

synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan

Question 14

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide have the

Answer 14

biological activity forms of niacin

Question 15

Niacin forms the co-enzymes

Answer 15

NAD and NADP, and function in redox reactions in metabolism

Question 16

Niacin rich food sources include:

Answer 16

meats
peanuts
legumes
broccoli
chicken 
bell peppers

Question 17

Niacin deficiency

Answer 17

Pellagra
characterized by: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
untreated pellagra is fatal

Question 18

Niacin RDA is

Answer 18

14-16 mg.day

Question 19

Pryidoxine (B6) forms the co-enzyme :

It’s needed for:

Answer 19

pyridoxal phosphate

metabolism of carbs and fats

Question 20

B6 Pyridoxine is required for the

Answer 20

synthesis of neurotransmitters

Question 21

The RDA for B6 is

Answer 21

1.3-1.7 mg/day

Question 22

Vitamin B6 deficiency is

Answer 22

rare

Question 23

6 compounds have vitamin B6 activity

Answer 23

pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine
and their 5’ phosphates

Question 24

The active coenzyme is

Answer 24

pyridoxal 5’ phosphate

Question 25

Foods high in B6

Answer 25

``` pistachios cereal salmon milk legumes lean chicken breast ricotta cheese beef eggs carrots bananas canned tuna ```

Question 26

Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) is a component of

Answer 26

coenzyme A (CoA), required for the metabolism of all fat, protein, and carbs

Question 27

B5 deficiency is

Answer 27

rare, no known toxicity

Question 28

The adequate intake for B5 is

Answer 28

5 mg/day

Question 29

Sources of vitamin B5 include

Answer 29

``` eggs cauliflower mushrooms corn avocado yogurt sweet potato broccoli ```

Question 30

Biotin (B7)

Answer 30

- free and bound forms | - needed for the metabolism of carbs and fats + DNA synthesis

Question 31

Biotin deficiency

Answer 31

-poor appetite, nausea, vomiting -anemia -muscle pain and weakness -poor growth is relatively non-toxic

Question 32

Adequate intake for biotin is

Answer 32

3 ug/day for adults

Question 33

B7 rich foods include

Answer 33

``` tomatoes carrots almonds onions romaine lettuce eggs salmon walnuts sweet potato cauliflower ```

Question 34

Folic Acid (B9) functions as

Answer 34

tetrahydrofolate co-enzyme

Question 35

Folic acid is important

Answer 35

in synthetic reactions, neurotransmitters and DNA synthesis

Question 36

Causes of folate deficiency include

Answer 36

inadequate intake

Question 37

Folate deficiency causes

Answer 37

megaloblastic anemia

Question 38

RDA for folate is

Answer 38

400 ug/day for adults | 600 ug/day for pregnant women

Question 39

Vitamin B9 rich foods include

Answer 39

``` lentils kidney beans broccoli cauliflower black beans romain lettuce papaya beets spinach bok choy ```

Question 40

Cobalamine B12

Answer 40

compounds containing the mineral cobalt

Question 41

Cobalamine functions include:

Answer 41

role in folate metabolism maintenance of the myelin sheath RBC formation

Question 42

RDA for B12 is

Answer 42

2.4 ug/day for adults and the elderly

Question 43

Cobalamine deficiency is

Answer 43

pernicious anemia - nerve degeneration, weakness - paralysis and death - usually (95%) due to decreased absorption ability

Question 44

Vitamin B12 rich foods include

Answer 44

``` almonds fish crab cheese chicken eggs red meat milk ```

Question 45

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Answer 45

6 carbon compound closely related to glucose

Question 46

Vitamin C biological roles/functions:

Answer 46

=-antioxidants - iron absorption (enhances) - synthesis of collagen - immune functions - wound healing

Question 47

Vitamin C deficiency causes

Answer 47

scurvy | result from poor diet

Question 48

Scurvy is a severe form of deficiency associated with

Answer 48

decreased wound healing osteoporosis hemorrhaging anemia

Question 49

Vitamin C RDA

Answer 49

90 mg/day for male adults 75 mg/day for female adults body is saturated at intake of 200 mg/day

Question 50

Vitamin C rich foods

Answer 50

``` bell peppers papaya guava Indian gooseberry broccoli lemon kiwi fruit tomato stawberries snow peas oranges mangoes ```