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Biochemistry > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Major minerals are found in _________ _________

Trace minerals occur in _______ ________ in the body.

A

larger quantities

smaller amounts

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2
Q

Minerals are

A

inorganic elements

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3
Q

Many of the ________ _______ are widely ______ in foods, and most people eating a _______ ________ are expected to receive ________ ______.

A

essential minerals
distributed
mixed diet
adequate intakes

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4
Q

The amounts required vary from ______ per day for sodium and calcium through _______ per day (e.g. iron, zinc), to ________ per day for the __________ _______.

A

grams
milligrams
trace elements

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5
Q

Macrominerals

A

required in a quantity > 100 mg/day

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6
Q

Microminerals

A

required in a quantity < 100 mg/day

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7
Q

Minerals do not supply ________ to the diet.

A

calories

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8
Q

What may harmfully affect absorption and balance in the body?

A

Abnormally/excessive intake of one or more minerals

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9
Q

When intake is __________, deficiency may develop

e.g. anemia (____) and goiter (______)

A

insufficient

iron and iodine

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10
Q

RDA is

A

the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements
Recommended Dietary Allowance

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11
Q

Macrominerals include

A 
Ca
Mg
P
Na
K
Cl
S
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12
Q

Magnesium is a

A

constituent of bone and teeth

constituent of chlorophyll in plants

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13
Q

Enzyme cofactor in magnesium is

A

kinase

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14
Q

Magnesium sources include

A

legumes
meat
fish

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15
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

calcium

99% of the body calcium is found in the bones and 1% of the body calcium is in its fluids

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16
Q

Sources of calcium include:

A
  • milk and milk products
  • green vegetables
  • a few fish
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17
Q

Functions of calcium include:

A
  • formation of bone and teeth
  • regulation of neuromuscular excitability
  • release of hormones & neurotransmitters
  • maintenance of normal blood pressure
  • blood coagulation (thrombin)
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18
Q

What factors affect Ca absorption?

A

regulation: by the parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D
hypocalcemia: causes tetany and convulsion
hypercalcemia: causes renal stones

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19
Q

Recommended daily dietary allowances for calcium

A

infants 400-600 mg
children 800 mg
adults 1200 mg and 800 mg after 25 y/o
pregnant/lactating 1200 mg

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20
Q

Phosphorus

A

about 85% of it is found combined with calcium in the crystals of bones and teeth as calcium phosphate

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21
Q

Calcium phosphate gives bones and teeth

A

strength and rigidity

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22
Q

Sources of phosphorus include

A

plant and animal food

foods rich in protein

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23
Q

Functions of phosphorus include:

A
  • constituent of bone & teeth
  • atp
  • nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
  • structural component of cell membrane
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24
Q

Many _______ and ________ become active when a phosphate group is ________.

A

enzymes and vitamins

attached

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25
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

phosphate levels are abnormally low

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26
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency

A

causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

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27
Q

Sodium

A

principle cation in ECF

normal range= 136-145 mmol/L

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28
Q

Functions of sodium include:

A
  • regulate plasma volume
  • regulate muscle and nerve function
  • facilitate absorption of glucose and amino acids from the intestinal lumen
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29
Q

Sodium deficiency

A

hyponatremia

may be due to renal disease , diabetes (osmotic diuresis), use of diurectics

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30
Q

RDA for sodium

A

1200-1500 mg

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31
Q

Potassium is

A

an important intracellular cation

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32
Q

Potassium is critical to maintaining the ___________.

A

heartbeat

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33
Q

_________ the ________ in the diet can promote sodium excretion and thereby _______ the _______ ________-.

A

Increasing the potassium

lower the blood pressure

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34
Q

Functions of potassium include:

A

muscle and nerve function

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35
Q

Sources of potassium:

Normal RDA:

A 
fruits
vegetables
grains
meats
fish 
poultry 
3.5-5.0 mmol/L
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36
Q

Potassium deficiency

A

causes muscle weakness and paralysis

37
Q

Excess potassium causes

A

cardiac arrest in diastole

38
Q

Chloride _______ sodium in the fluids outside the cells __ ____ _______, maintaining the acid-base balance.

A

accompanies, in the blood

39
Q

In the stomach, chloride ions are part of ____

A

HCL

40
Q

Chloride deficiency

A

vomiting

diurectics which leads to alkalosis

41
Q

Sulfur is necessary to all _____ ______. It _________ to the characteristic odor of burning _____ and _______.

A

body tissue
contributes
hair and tissue

42
Q

Sulfate is necessary for _______. Sulfur is a component of some _______ _____ and therefore is found in ______-rich foods .

A

metabolism
amino acids
protein

43
Q

Amino acids contain sulfur e.g. _______ and _________

A

cysteine and methionine

44
Q

Copper is a

A

constituent of the oxidase enzyme e.g. has a role in iron absorption

45
Q

Sources of copper include

A 
legumes
whole grains 
nuts
shellfish 
seeds
46
Q

Copper deficiency can cause

RDA is

A

microcytic hypochromic anemia

900 nanograms per day for adults

47
Q

Copper toxicity can lead to

A

liver cirrhosis
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea

48
Q

Manganese is involved in

A 
bone formation
thyroid function 
formation of connective tissue
sex hormone functions
calcium absorption
immune function
fat and carb metabolism
49
Q

Manganese is a cofactor for

A

hydroxylase
decarboxylase
transferase

50
Q

Sources of manganese include

A

nuts
grains
coffee
tea

51
Q

Manganese RDA

A

RDA has not been established but an intake of 2 to 5 mg per day is recommended for adults

52
Q

Functions of Zinc

A 
part of insulin
involved in making genetic material and proteins
immunity
vitamin A transport 
taste, healing, making sperm
53
Q

Zinc is a cofactor of

A

many enzymes
Lactate DH
Alkaline phosphatase

54
Q

Zinc deficiency causes

A

growth failure
impaired wound healing
decrease in immune function and taste sensation

55
Q

Sources of zinc include

A 
meat
fish
poultry
milk
legumes
56
Q

RDA for Zinc

A

11 mg/day for adult males and 8 mg/day for adult females

57
Q

Cobalt

A

required only as a constituent of vitamin B12

58
Q

Cobalt deficiency causes

A

vitamin B12 deficiency

59
Q

Selenium

A

a constituent of glutathione peroxidase

60
Q

Selenium is important for

A

normal pancreatic function

61
Q

The RDA for selenium

A

70 nanograms/day for adults and 55 nanograms/day for adult females

62
Q

Sources of selenium

A

seafood
meats
whole grains
vegetables

63
Q

Toxicity of selenium occurs at

A

high doses (above 200 nanograms/day)

64
Q

Fluoride

A

increases hardness of bones and teeth

water is a source of fluoride

65
Q

Deficiency of fluoride causes

A

dental caries and osteoporosis

66
Q

Excess of fluoride causes

A

dental fluorosis

67
Q

Iodine is a

A

constituent of thyroxin and triiodothyroxin (T3 and T4)

68
Q

Sources of Iodine include

A

iodized salt

sea food

69
Q

Iodine is _____ in the thyroid gland. Iodine ________ results in _______ _________ and _______.

A

stored
deficiency
endemic goiter
cretinism

70
Q

Iodine RDA

A

150 nanograms/day for adults

71
Q

Iron is absorbed in the

A

upper small intestine

72
Q

Excess loss of iron due to

A

hemorrhage is frequent

73
Q

Sources of Iron include

A

vegetable
eggs
meats
legumes

74
Q

Functions of Iron include

A
  • transport oxygen as a component of hemoglobin
  • incorporated in myoglobin
  • component of several enzymes such as peroxidase and catalase
75
Q

RDA for iron

A

adult men: 8 mg/day
adult women: 19-50 y/o : 18 mg/day
women > 50 yrs : 8 mg/day

76
Q

Factors favoring absorption include

A

ferrous form
acids (e.g. HCL and vitamin c)
sugar and amino acids

77
Q

Factors reducing absorption include

A
  • ferric form
  • phosphate
  • anti acid and alkalis
  • infection and tea
78
Q

Molybdenum is distributed in

A

plants and animals

79
Q

Functions of molybdenum

A

-molybdenum-dependent enzymes are found in pathways that metabolize purine and pyrimidine

80
Q

Sources of Molybdenum

A

legumes
cereals
organ meat

81
Q

Chromium Functions

A

associated with insulin

needed to release energy from glucose

82
Q

Chromium Sources

A 
liver
vegetable oils
nuts
yeast
mushrooms 
whole grains
83
Q

Chromium Deficiency symptoms

A

abnormal glucose metabolism

84
Q

Chromium RDAs

A

men: 35 nanograms/day
women: 25 nanograms/day

85
Q

Nickel

A

may serve as a cofactor for certain enzymes

86
Q

Silicon

A

is involved in the formation of bones and collagen

87
Q

Vanadium

A

is necessary for growth and bone development and for normal reproduction

88
Q

Boron

A

may play a role in brain activites; in animals, strengthens bones

Biochemistry (25 decks)

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