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Biology 1020 > Animal body plans AND phylogeny > Flashcards

Animal body plans AND phylogeny Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

how do zoologists categorize animals?

A

by body plan

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2
Q

body plan

A

set of morphological and development traits

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3
Q

what is wrong with this statement
all body plans have remained the same

A
  1. some have been conserved
  2. some have undergone multiple changes over the course of evolution
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4
Q

two types of symmetry of body plans

A
  1. radial
  2. bilateral
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5
Q

radial symmetry

A

no front and back OR left and right

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6
Q

What symmetry is this

A

bilateral symmetry

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7
Q

What symmetry is this

A

radial

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8
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

two-sided symmetry

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9
Q

what do bilaterally symmetrical animals have

A
  1. dorsal side
  2. ventral side
  3. posterior side
  4. anterior side
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10
Q

how can animal body plans vary

A
  1. symmetry
  2. tissues
  3. body cavities
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11
Q

what does bilateral symmetry go hand in hand with

A

cephalization

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12
Q

do bilateral animals ALWAYS show high levels of cephalization

A

NO - think of how simple earthworms are

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13
Q

tissues

A

collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

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14
Q

how many germ layers give rise to tissues and organs of animal embryos

A

3

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15
Q

3 germ layers

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
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16
Q

ectoderm

A

germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

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17
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer and lines the digestive tube (archenteron)

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18
Q

what does the endoderm line

A

the digestive tube (archenteron)

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19
Q

all true tissued animals have

A

endoderm and ectoderm

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20
Q

diploblastic animals

A

only have 2 or 3 germ layers - LACK mesoderm

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21
Q

true or false
diploblastic animals are differentiated based on coelom type

A

NO - they lack coelom

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22
Q

diploblastic animals have ____ symmetry

A

radial

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23
Q

animals with 3 germ layers have to be further organized (true or false)

A

true

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24
Q

what are further organizations of triploblastic animals

A
  1. what type of coelom do they have
  2. are they protostomes or deuterostome
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25
three types of coeloms
1. true coelom 2. pseudocoelom 3. acoelomate (no coelom)
26
what germ layer differentiates the coelom
mesoderm
27
why don't diploblastic animals have a coelom
they have NO mesoderm
28
examples of diploblastic animals
1. cnidarians
29
examples of triploblastic animals
1. ALL bilaterians 2. flatworms 3. arthropods 4. vertebrates
30
what do MOST triploblastic animals posses
body cavity
31
what is a TRUE body cavity called
coelom
32
coelomates
animals that posses a true coelom
33
what is a true coelom
a coelom surrounded COMPLETELY by mesoderm tissue
34
pseudocoelom
body cavity derived from mesoderm AND endoderm
35
triploblastic animals with pseudocoelom AKA
pseudocoelomates
36
what identifies a pseudocoelom
a coelom NOT completely lined with mesoderm
37
triploblastic animals WITHOUT a coelom
acoelomates
38
how to identify an acoelomate
there is NO body cavity/internal cavity
39
pseudocoelomate
40
acoelomate
41
coelomate
42
two types of animal development
1. protostome development 2. deuterostome development
43
protostome development
1. cleavage is spiral and determinate 2. splitting of solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom 3. mouth develops from first hole (the blastophore)
44
Deuterostomes development
1. anus develops from the first hole (blastophore) and the mouth from the SECOND one 2. mesoderm buds from the wall of the ARCHENTERON to form the coelom 3. cleavage is radial and indeterminate
45
protostome vs deuterostome development cleavage is spiral and derterminate
protostome
46
protostome vs deuterostome development cleavage is radial and indeterminate
deuterostome development
47
protostome vs deuterostome development the fate of the cell is determined much later
deuterostome development
48
protostome vs deuterostome development the fate of the cell is determined very early in development
protostome
49
what makes possible identical twins and embryonic stem cells
indeterminate cleavage
50
indeterminate or determinate cleavage each cell in the early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo
indeterminate
51
blastophore forms during
gastrulation
52
blastophore connects ____ to the ______
archenteron to exterior of the gastrula
53
protostome vs deuterostome development blastophore becomes the mouth
protostome
54
protostome vs deuterostome development blastophore becomes the anus
deuterostome development
55
protostome vs deuterostome development means first mouth
protostome
56
protostome vs deuterostome development means second mouth
deuterostome development
57
5 important points about the relationships among LIVING animals that are reflected in phylogeny
1. all animals share CA 2. sponges are basal animals 3. Eumetazoa (true animals) is a clade of animals with true tissues 4. most animal phyla are bilaterians 5. 3 major clades of bilaterian animals
58
the 3 major clades of bilaterians are all _____ except for one which is _____
invertebrates and vertebrates
59
what clade of bilaterians is classified as vertebrates
Chordata
60
how do we know sponges are basal animals
1. lack of hox genes 2. lack of true tissues 3. lack collagen
61
the animal phylogeny is ______
monophyletic
62
What node represents the CA of ALL Animalia
Node 1 (Meterozoan)
63
is Bilateria a clade
yes
64
what is represented by A
True tissue
65
what do the Cnidarians and Ctenophora have in common and are they monophyletic
1. share radial symmetry 2. NO- they share a CA with bilateria (Paraphyletic)
66
what are the 3 clades within Bilateria?
1. Deuterostomia 2. Lophotrochozoa 3. Ecdysozoans
67
what is represented by B
bilateral symmetry
68
of the three clades in bilaterian, what is sister to what?
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoan are sister to Deutersotomia
69
what is the best way to describe clade Lophotrochozoa
as a very large polytomy

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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