Protists Flashcards
1
Q
how many supergroups of eukaryotes are there
A
5
2
Q
how would the THEORETICAL kingdom Protista look like
A
it would be paraphyletic
3
Q
is there a kingdom Protista
A
NO
4
Q
protists are
A
Eukaryotes
5
Q
true or false
protists are mostly multicellular
A
FALSE - they are mostly single-celled
6
Q
protist is a term used to
A
encompass those eukaryotes that are NEITHER plants, animals nor fungi
7
Q
true or false
protists are nutritionally diverse
A
TRUE
8
Q
what kinds of protist nutrition are there
A
- photoautotrophs
- heterotrophs
- mixotrophs
9
Q
mixotrophs
A
combination of photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
10
Q
heterotrophs
A
absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
11
Q
photoautotrophs
A
contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
12
Q
why would the Kingdom Protista be paraphyletic
A
the common ancestor of ALL the protists would have to include some species that are not protists or exclude some species that are protists
13
Q
what are the 5 supergroups
A
- excavata
- SAR
- Archaeplastida
- Unikonta
14
Q
what is the reproductive diversity in protists?
A
- some do sexual reproduction
- some do asexual reproduction
- some do alternation of generation
15
Q
alternation of generation is also known as
A
sporadic meiosis
16
Q
what is older prokaryotic or eukaryotic
A
prokaryotic
17
Q
what are two structures that show endosymbiotic origins of eukaryotes
A
- plastids
- mitochondria
18
Q
mitochondria are the
A
endosymbiosis of aerobic prokaryotes
19
Q
endosymbiosis of aerobic prokaryotes
A
mitochondria
20
Q
plastids
A
endosymbiosis of photosynthetic cyanobacterium
21
Q
endosymbiosis of the photosynthetic cyanobacterium
A
plastids
22
Q
chloroplasts are a _____
A
plastid
23
Q
what was the first photosynthetic organism
A
cyanobacteria
24
Q
how was cyanobacteria acquired by eukaryotes
A
ingestion
25
when is the endosymbiosis and structure of the plastid HOMOLOGOUS
when it first evolved from the cyanobacterium into red algae and green algae
26
primary endosymbiosis is associated with
a prokaryote
27
secondary endosymbiosis is done with a
photosynthetic eukaryote
28
the plastids resulting from secondary endosymbiosis is
analogous
29
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Stramenopiles all got plastids from the
red algae
30
Euglenids and chlorarachniophytes got plastids from the
green algae
31
which protist has a nucleomorph
chlorarachniophytes
32
supergroup Excavata is
monophyletic
33
what are three protists in the Excavata supergroup
1. diplomonads
2. Parabasalids
3. Euglenozoans
34
how is clade Excavata characterized
by its cytoskeleton and excavated (dug in) feeding grooves
35
diplomonads is from clade
Excavata
36
where do diplomonads live
anaerobic environments (without oxygen)
37
what are some traits associated with the diplomonads
they have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella
38
many diplomonads are
parasitic
39
true or false
diplomonads lack plastids
TRUE, they live without sunshine
40
what are the mitochondrial structures called in diplomonads
mitosomes
41
parabasalids have mitochondria called
hydrogenosomes
42
what is an example of a parabasalid
trichomonas vaginalis
43
what main feature of the euglenozoans distinguish them from the rest of the clade
their spiral or crystalline rod/covering
44
what protists are included in the excavates
those with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella
45
the crystalline shell of the Euglenozoans is a
synapomorphy that supports the monophyly of the Euglenozoans in the clade
46
examples of Euglenozoans
1. kinetoplastids
2. euglendis
47
Kinetoplastids
have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
48
what species are included in kinetoplastids
free-living species that are consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine and moist terrestrial ecosystems
49
what is an example of a kinetoplastid
the parasite Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)
50
true or false
some species of kinetoplastids are parasitic
TRUE - sleeping sickness
51
Euglendis can be both
autotrophic and heterotrophic (mixotrophs)
52
what distinguishes euglenids from other protists
they have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell
53
Euglendis are part of what clade in what supergroup
Euglenozoan in supergroup Excavata
54
kinetoplastids are part of what clade in what supergroup
Euglenozoan in supergroup Excavata
55
the SAR clade is named from
the first letters of its 3 major clades
56
what are the three major clades within SAR
1. stramenopiles
2. alevolates
3. rhizarians
57
what are three protists in clade stramenopiles
1. diatoms
2. brown algae
3. oomycetes
58
what are three protists in clade alveolates
1. dinoflagellates
2. apicomplexans
3. ciliates
59
what are three protists in clade rhizarians
1. forams
2. radiolarians
3. cerocozoans
60
_______ are the most important producers
stramenopiles
61
most stramenopiles have
a hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum
62
are there multicellular stramenopiles
yes, brown algae
63
diatoms
unicellular algae with a unique two-part glass-like wall of silicon dioxide
64
true or false
diatoms are good at photosynthesis and removing CO2
true
65
diatoms can be _______ and _______
colonial or single celled
66
what is the largest and most complex algae
brown algae
67
all brown algae are
multicellular
68
what is included in brown algae
many species commonly called seaweeds
69
true or false
brown algae have the most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae
true
70
what are structures that look like plants in seaweeds
1. blades = leave like structure
2. stipe = stem-like structure
3. holdfast = root-like structure
71
the plant-like structures in seaweed are ______ traits
analogous traits
72
What gave rise to the diversity of protists that exist today?
Has origins in endosymbiosis - relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell/cells of another organism (host)
73
Endosymbiosis and spread of photosynthesis was spread to how many of the supergroups
3 out of the 4
74
Key step in organelle evolution
creating a dependency between partners (host and absorbed cell)
75
Nucleomorphs
have 4 separate genomes within ONE eukaryotic cell
76
how does an endosymbiont evolve into an organelle
the host was able to "steal" a proportion of the alga through photosynthesis until the alga became interdependent on the host (and vice versa)
77
what are the three types of meiosis?
1. sporic meiosis (alternation of generation)
2. gametic meiosis
3. zygotic meiosis
78
does meiosis ONLY make gametes
NO, it can also make spores
79
what protist shows sporic meiosis
Brown Algae Laminaria
80
what is a hallmark of sporic meiosis
it has BOTH multicellular diploid phases AND haploid phases
81
in sporic meiosis the multicellular diploid form is a
sporophyte
82
the diploid sporophyte makes spores through _____ in sporic meiosis
meiosis
83
the haploid gametophyte makes gametes through _____ in sporic meiosis
mitosis
84
the multicellular haploid form in sporic meiosis is the
gametophyte
85
what is the ONLY trait ALL protist share
being eukaryotic
86
what distinguishes members of the alveolate clade
having membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane
87
true or false
the function of the alveoli is known
false, its unknown
88
what protists are in the Alveloates clade
1. dinoflagellates
2. apicomplexans
3. ciliates
89
dinoflagellates have
two flagella
90
dinoflagellates have cell reinforced by
cellulose plates
91
true or false
dinoflagellates are affected by global warming
true
92
where do dinoflagellates inhabit
both marine and freshwater phytoplankton
93
what are nutritional mechanisms for dinoflagellates
aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs and heterotrophs
94
toxic "red tides" are caused by
dinoflagellate blooms
95
Apicomplexans
parasites of animals
96
how are apicomplexans spread
as infectious cells called sporozoites
97
what characterizes apicomplexans
the apex found at one end that is specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues
98
what is required for apicomplexans to reproduce
sexual and asexual stages that require two or more hosts
99
ciliates
group of protists that use cilia to move and feed
100
ciliates have ________ and _______
large macronuclei and small micronuclei
101
how does genetic variation occur in ciliates
conjugation
102
conjugation
two ciliate individuals exchange haploid micronuclei
103
conjugation is a ______ process
sexual
104
true or false
conjugation is a separate process from reproduction
YES, reproduction occurs by binary fission
105
true or false
all ciliates are heterotrophic
YES
106
example of a ciliate
paramecium
107
rhizarians
most species are amoebas
108
amoebas
protists that move and feed by PSEUDOPODIA
109
how do rhizarians amoebas differ from amoebas from other clades
by having threadlike pseudopodia
110
protists in rhizarians
1. radiolarians
2. forams
3. cercozoans
111
radiolarians have pseudopodia that extend
from the central body
112
what are forams named for
their porous, multicehambered shells
113
what are forams shells called
tests
114
how do pseudopodia extend in forams
through pores in their test
115
true or false
the foram shells uptake magnesium based on water temp
true
116
true or false
forams can be used to estimate changes in ocean temp over time
true
117
Formas : ___________ : ______________-
Rhizarians : SAR
118
Radiolarians : _____________ : _____________-
Rhizarians : SAR
119
Ciliates : ____________ : ______________
Alevolates: SAR
120
Apicomplexans : ________ : ________
Alveolates : SAR
121
true or false
land plants are descended from green algae
TRUE
122
green and red algae are sisters to
land plants (Kingdom Plantae)
123
Archaeplastida
supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, land plants
124
green algae have 2 lineages
1. chlorophytes
2. charophytes
125
red algae are red because of
accessory pigment phycoerythrin that masks the green of chlorophyll
126
red algae are almost black in
deep water
127
red algae are greenish-red in
shallow water
128
red algae are _______
multicellular
129
largest red algae
seaweeds
130
are green algae a monophyletic clade
NO, paraphyletic
131
green algae are named for their
green chloroplasts
132
______ are most closely related to land plants
charophytes
133
chlorophyceans live in
fresh water with some in marine
134
examples of chlorophyceans
volvox and spirogyra
135
three routes archaeplastida got larger in size
1. coloniality
2. multicellularity
3. division of nuclei without cytokinesis
136
the supergroup Unikonta includes
animals, fungi and some protists
137
Unikonta has 2 lineages
1. Amoebozoan Clade
2. Opisthikont clade
138
how are amoebozoans in Unikonta different than Rhizarians
these amoebas have lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia INSTEAD of threadlike
139
protists included in amoebozoans
1. slime moulds
2. tubulinids
3. entamoebas
140
Green and red algae : _______
Archaeplastida
141
Amoebozoans : ______
Unikonta
142
Slime moulds: ______: ________
Amoebozoa : Unikonta
143
slime moulds were once thought to be
fungi
144
two lineages of slime moulds
1. plasmodial slime moulds
2. cellular slime moulds
145
shows what routes of size growth for Archaeplastida
division of nuclei (Caulerpa)
146
shows what routes of size growth for Archaeplastida
coloniality (volvox)
147
heteromorphic
alternation of generation where the sporophyte and gametophyte differ
148
isomorphic
alternation of generation where the sporophyte and gametophyte are the same
149
example of isomorphic
ulva
150
example of heteromorphic
laminaria
150
the resemblance of slime moulds and fungi is a result of
analogous = convergent evolution
151
plasmodial slime moulds are _______ NOT _____
multi-nucleated and multicellular
152
what does multi-nucleate mean
repeated cell division without cytokinesis
153
what is the plasmodial slime mould feeding stage called
plasmodium
154
how do plasmodial slime moulds distribute nutrients and oxygen
cytoplasm streaming
155
cellular slime moulds have a ______ feeding stage
solitary
156
what happens to cellular slime moulds when food is scarce
they aggregate and form a mass of cells that resembles a plasmodium and put up fruiting bodies of stalks
157
cellular slime moulds form
multicellular aggregates where cells are separated by their membranes
158
cellular slime moulds vs plasmodial slime moulds (differences)
cellular slime moulds
1. single cell haploid feeding
2. the fruiting body is asexual
3. spores are asexual
4. multicellular
plasmodial slime moulds
1. multi-nucleated diploid
2. not multicellular
159
the similarity between slime moulds
spores making the stem of the fruiting body die so that those in the top can survive
160
tubulinids are a diverse group of
amoebozoans with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia
161
tubulinids are _____ protists
unicellular
162
most tubulinids are ________ (kind of nutrition) and actively seek ________
heterotrophic AND bacteria/protists
163
tubulinids : ________ : ________
amoebozoan : Unikonta
164
slime moulds : ______ : ______
amoebozoan : unikonta
165
entamoebas : ______ : ______
amoebozoan : unikonta
166
entamoebas are ______
parasites
167
example of entamoebas
entamoeba histolytica
168
opisthokonts : ________
unikonta
169
opisthokonts include
animals
fungi
protists
170
true or false
protists are extremely important in ecosystems
true
171
examples of how protists are important for ecosystems
1. producers
2. symbionts
172
up to 1/4 of worlds, photosynthesis is performed by
diatoms, dinoflagellates and other algae and protists
173
true or false
protists are vital for aquatic and marine food webs
true
174
types of symbiont relations done by protists
mutualism and parasitism
175
example of protist mutualism
termites have protists that enable them to digest wood
photosynthetic symbiotic dinoflagellates in coral reefs
176
lichens are symbiotic of
fungi and algae
177
examples of parasitic relations of protists
1. plasmodium (malaria)
2. giardia (beaver fever)
3. phytophthora (sudden oak death)
178
if sea surface temps warm due to climate warming _______
Growth and biomass of photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes have declined as sea temps increase = available nutrients supply would be reduced
179
Three main features that arose during Serial Endosymbiosis
a) Compartmentalization of Cellular Function- membrane infolding to form ER, nuclear envelope, EM
system.
b) Mitochondria – Endosymbiosis of a free-living heterotrophic aerobic prokaryote (bacteria)
c) Chloroplasts (Plastids)- Endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium (more than 2
membranes)
180
What is the proposed origin of mitochondria and plastids?
Mitochondria: Endosymbiosis of a free-living aerobic prokaryote (bacteria)
Plastids: Secondary endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium (more than 2
membranes)
181
Identify the three main lineages in the SAR Clade
Stramenopiles, Rhizarians, Alveolates
182
hows what routes of size growth for Archaeplastida
multicellularity (sea lettuce/Ulva)
