Origins of Seeds

Question 1

are seed plants a clade

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

what are two benefits of seeds

Answer 2

1. provide the embryo with more protection
2. water is now no longer needed to complete fertilization

Question 3

what does a seed consist of

Answer 3

1. embryo
2. nutrients
3. surrounding protective coat

Question 4

what are 6 morphological synapomorphies for seed plants

Answer 4

1. seeds
2. pollen
3. all lack antheridia
4. all have ovules
5. all show heterospory
6. reduced gametophytes

Question 5

what three things are associated with ovules

Answer 5

1. megaspores
2. megasporangia
3. integument(s)

Question 6

ovules in gymnosperms vs angiosperms

Answer 6

gymnosperms = megaspores are in a strobilus (cone)

Angiosperms = megaspores are in flowers

Question 7

nutrients for embryos in gymnosperms vs angiosperms

Answer 7

gymnosperm = megagametophyte tissue (haploid)

angiosperm = endosperm (3n)

Question 8

spores make ____

Answer 8

gametophytes

Question 9

how do megaspores become eggs

Answer 9

megaspore -> mitosis -> megagametophyte ->egg

Question 10

what are two key adaptions to life on land

Answer 10

1. pollen
2. seeds

Question 11

dominant stage in nonvascular plants

Answer 11

gametophyte

Question 12

sporophyte in nonvascular plants

Answer 12

reduced and dependent on gametophyte for nutrients

Question 13

gametophyte in seedless vascular plants

Answer 13

reduced and independent (photosynthetic and free-living)

Question 14

dominant stage in seedless vascular plants

Answer 14

sporophyte

Question 15

gametophyte in seed plants

Answer 15

reduced and dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition

Question 16

dominant stage of seed plants

Answer 16

sporophyte

Question 17

is gametophyte micro or macroscopic in seed plants

Answer 17

microscopic

Question 18

is gametophyte micro or macroscopic in seedless vascular plants

Answer 18

macroscopic

Question 19

is gametophyte micro or macroscopic in nonvascular plants

Answer 19

macroscopic

Question 20

where do gametophytes remain in seed plants

Answer 20

within the sporangia of parental sporophyte

Question 21

what is the gametophyte in seed plants dependent on

Answer 21

sporophyte for nutrition

Question 22

the gametophyte is retained within

Answer 22

sporangia walls

Question 23

megasporangium- ______ - _____________

Answer 23

megaspore to female gametophyte

Question 24

microsporangium - ____________ - _______

Answer 24

microspore to male gametophyte

Question 25

female gametophyte develops within

Answer 25

an ovule

Question 26

male gametophytes develop within

Answer 26

a pollen grain

Question 27

can the pollen grain be considered the microgametophyte

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

fertilization of ______ with ______ leads to the development of a _____

Answer 28

ovule with pollen grain = seed

Question 29

gymnosperm megaspores have ____ integument(s)

Answer 29

one

Question 30

angiosperm megaspores have ____ integument(s)

Answer 30

2

Question 31

a woody cone in gymnosperms is male or female

Answer 31

female cone

Question 32

is an ovule in a cone an angiosperm or a gymnosperm

Answer 32

gymnosperm (angio is in a flower)

Question 33

what contains the male gametophytes

Answer 33

pollen grains

Question 34

_____ is transfer of pollen to part of a seed plant containing ovules

Answer 34

pollination

Question 35

what grows out of the pollen grain to deliver the sperm to the egg

Answer 35

pollen tube

Question 36

what makes gymnosperm sperm different than angiosperm sperm

Answer 36

gymnosperms have sperm with Micky mouse-like ears

Question 37

a seed develops from

Answer 37

the whole ovule

Question 38

a seed is a ______ embryo with its food supply and protective coat

Answer 38

sporophyte

Question 39

gymnosperm seeds are (haploid, diploid or both)

Answer 39

part diploid and part haploid

Question 40

what part of a gymnosperm seed is haploid

Answer 40

megagametophyte

Question 41

what part of a gymnosperm seed is diploid

Answer 41

1. parental sporophyte (integument) 2. new sporophyte

Question 42

why is seed dormancy advantageous

Answer 42

some seeds can remain dormant for a very long time - allows release in optimal conditions

Question 43

how can seeds be dispersed

Answer 43

abiotic - wind, water biotic - animals

Question 44

the archegonia in seed plants are

Answer 44

temporarily containing sporophyte embryos

Question 45

the megaspore forms the

Answer 45

female gametophyte which gives new embryo food

Question 46

what stage of the gymnosperm lifecycle is this

Answer 46

seed

Question 47

what stage of the gymnosperm lifecycle is this

Answer 47

fertile ovule

Question 48

what stage of the gymnosperm lifecycle is this

Answer 48

unfertilized ovule

Question 49

spore wall ploidy

Answer 49

2n

Question 50

what does the integument become

Answer 50

seed coat

Question 51

the seed coat ploidy

Answer 51

2n

Question 52

the food source is the

Answer 52

megagametophyte

Question 53

what becomes the new sporophyte

Answer 53

embryo