Intro to animals Flashcards
1
Q
kingdom Animalia is a _____ kingdom
A
monophyletic
2
Q
animals are ______, _______, with tissues that develop from _____
A
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
- embryonic layers
3
Q
why are sponges still considered animals
A
based on DNA evidence
4
Q
what is the basal lineage of the kingdom Animalia
A
sponges (phylum Proifera)
5
Q
what is the exception to all animals having tissues
A
sponges - they have cells that are NOT organized into tissues
6
Q
cells become ______
A
tissue
7
Q
tissues become _____
A
organs
8
Q
organs become ______
A
organ systems
9
Q
organ systems become _____
A
organisms
10
Q
how are animals different from fungi (in that both are heterotrophic)
A
fungi - they are absorptive heterotrophs
animals - they are ingestive heterotrophs
11
Q
how many species of animals have been described
A
1.3 milion
12
Q
about how many phyla is there
A
36
13
Q
are there exceptions to the rules for animals
A
yes
14
Q
what is agreed upon about Kingdom Animalia
A
they are a monophyletic kingdom with multicellular organism within the eukaryotes
15
Q
where do Animals fit into the protist’s tree
A
Unikonta - Opisthokonts
16
Q
typical characteristics of animals
A
- nutritional mode
- cell structure and specialization
- reproduction and development
- Hox genes
- larval stage
17
Q
what is the nutritional mode for animals
A
ingestive heterotrophs
18
Q
what is the main structural protein in animals
A
collagen
19
Q
collagen
A
connects other tissues and is a major component of bone, skin, muscles, tendons, and cartilage.
20
Q
true or false
collagen is found in other kingdoms besides animals
A
false - it’s unique to animals
21
Q
what are some unique cell types of Animalia
A
- nerve cells
- muscle cells
- usually surrounded by membranes
22
Q
what is the reproductive cycle of animals
A
gametic meiosis
23
Q
most animals reproduce _____
A
sexually
24
Q
what is the dominant stage in the life cycle
A
diploid
25
what is the ONLY haploid stage in gametic meiosis
gametes
26
the multicellular stage in gametic meiosis is
diploid
27
what is wrong with this statement
all animals reproduce sexually
most animals reproduce sexually, but some (like insects and some sharks) can do asexual reproduction
28
with asexual reproduction, the lineages would be _____ (female or male)
female
29
parthenogenesis
females make eggs (or sometimes live birth) by mitosis which results in lineages of female clones
30
what is wrong with this statement
the diploid stage is dominant in animals
sometimes the haploid stage can be dominant (seen sometimes in insects and bees)
31
____ fertilizes the ____
sperm and egg
32
describe sperm
flagellated and small
33
describe eggs
large and non-motile
34
what happens to the zygote
it undergoes rapid cell division (cleavage)
35
what does cleavage lead to
formation of a blastula
36
blastula undergoes _____ to form a _____
gastrulation and gastrula
37
cleavage
succession of mitotic cell division WITHOUT cell growth between divisions
38
a blastula is a _____
hollow ball of cells
39
what results from cleavage
blastula
40
what is the empty space inside the blastula called
the blastocoel
41
gastrulation
process where one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and fills the blastocoel
42
what does gastrulation produce
the archenteron
43
if animals have true tissues, then they must have
ectoderm and endoderm
44
true or false
sponges have true tissues with ectoderm and endoderm
false
45
do all animals have a mesoderm layer
NO
46
what gives rise to different tissues
embryonic tissue layers
47
embryonic tissue layers are the
endoderm and ectoderm
48
blastula undergoes _____ to form a _____
gastrulation and gastrula
49
what is the opening in the gastrula
the balstophore
50
what defines the larval stage
1. sexually immature
2. different morphology to parent
3. different nutrition to parent
4. Different habitats to parent
51
ONLY animals have ___ that regulate the development of body form
Hox genes
52
true or false
the Hox gene has been highly conserved
true - they are very similar between species
53
what produces a wide diversity of animal morphology
Hox genes
54
Hox genes
a family of regulatory genes that encode transcription factors and are essential during embryonic development.
55
what animal does NOT have Hox genes
sponges
56
true or false
animals evolved on land
FALSE - evolved in the sea because they colonized land LATER
57
____ of animal species are extinct
99%
58
animals are sister to _____
fungi
59
CA of living animals lived ____
750 MYA
60
three lines of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals
1. cell morphology between starfish and choanoflagellates is very similar
2. cell morphology unique to animal cells
3. DNA sequence homology
61
Neoproterozoic era holds the ______
Ediacaran biota
62
_____ are some of the oldest fossils found from the Ediacaran era
Rangeomorph fossils
63
what happens to the Ediacaran fossils during the transition to the Paleozoic era
they disappear
64
1
zygote
65
2
eight-cell stage
66
3
blastula (hollow ball)
67
5
gastrulation
68
6
gastrula
69
7
cleavage
70
8
cleavage
71
9
blastocoel
72
10
blastocoel
73
11
archenteron
74
12
endoderm
75
13
ectoderm
76
14
blastophore
77
when was the Cambrian explosion
Paleozoic
78
most fossils of the Cambrian explosion are of
bilaterians
79
bilaterians are organisms with
1. bilaterally symmetrical forms
2. complete digestive tract
3. one-way digestive system
80
what is associated with the Cambrian explosion
unprecedented diversification of animals
81
what is one of the most significant fossil sites
Burgess Shale
82
what is the importance of the Burgess Shale
shallow sea with animals of every major phylum
83
several hypotheses for WHY the Cambrian explosion occurred
1. new predator-prey relationships
2. a rise of atmospheric oxygen
3. evolution of the Hox gene complex
84
when did the Hox gene complex evolve
during the Cambrian explosion in the Paleozoic
85
what punctuated the continuable animal diversity in the Paleozoic
mass extinctions
86
animals invaded land by ____ MYA
460
87
vertebrates invaded land by _____ MYA
360
88
in the Mesozoic there was _____
expanding habitats
89
when did coral reefs emerge
Mesozoic
90
what was the most dominant terrestrial vertebrates of Mesozoic
dinosaurs
91
when did the first MAMMAL emerge
Mesozoic
92
what followed the Cenozoic era
mass extinctions of both terrestrial AND marine animals
93
what diversified during the Cenozoic era
modern MAMMAL orders and INSECTS
94
what happened to the climate in the Cenozoic
cooled
95
order these events
1. Cambrian explosion
2. divergence of Animalia and Choanoflagellates
3. Edicaran Biota
2 - 3- 1
96
what are two major aspects related to the Mesozoic era
1. coral reefs emerge
2. dinosaurs are major terrestrial vertebrates
97
what the mass extinctions in history allow
for speciation to grow in different ecological niches
98
examples of what the Hox genes do
1. segmentation
2. differentiate between anterior and posterior
99
major fossils in the Burgess Shale that represent the Cambrian explosion
1. Hallucigenia
2. Pikaia
3. Marella
4. Anomalocaridid
100
what major fossil is this
Anomalocaris
101
how did the Cambrian explosion follow the Edicaran Biota?
based on predator-prey relationships
102
what is more common bilateral or radial symmetry
bilateral
103
a one-way digestive tract is associated with ____ hole(s)
2 hols (mouth and anus)
104
what goes hand in hand with bilaterians a
cephalization
