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Disease and Defense > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

_______ have a bacteriostatic action, but are bactericidal in nature

A

Aminoglycosides

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2
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into bone

A

Clindamycin

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3
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into CSF

A

Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol, Metronidazole

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4
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into gingival fluid

A

Tetracyclines

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5
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into lungs

A

Macrolides

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6
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into sebum

A

Tetracyclines

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7
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into urine/kidneys

A

Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Nitrofurantoin

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8
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into a fetus

A

Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole

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9
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into bone

A

Tetracyclines

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10
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into breast milk

A

Macrolides, Clindamycin

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11
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into kidneys

A

Aminoglycosides

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12
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into teeth

A

Tetracyclines

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13
Q

Bind and decrease absorption of cations, especially calcium

A

Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines

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14
Q

Examples of Fluoroquinolones (3)

A

Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin

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15
Q

In bactericidal mechanisms MIC __ MBC

A

=

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16
Q

In bacteriostatic mechanisms MIC __ MBC

A

«

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17
Q

Indications for bactericidal therapy (3)

A

Meningitis, Endocarditis, Suppressed/Deficient Immune System

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18
Q

Inhibitors of P450

A

Fluoroquinolones, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin

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19
Q

IV only antimicrobials (5)

A

Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, Carbapenems, Aminoglycosides

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20
Q

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum

A

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

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21
Q

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevents visible bacterial growth

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

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22
Q

Mechanism of Action: Beta-lactamase inhibitor

A

Clavulanate, Tazobactam

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23
Q

Mechanism of Action: Decrease DNA function

A

Fluoroquinolones, Nitrofurantoin, Metronidazole

24
Q

Mechanism of Action: Decrease protein synthesis

A

Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides

25
Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 2
Vancomycin
26
Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 3 (Anti-pseudomonal)
Piperacillin/Tazobactam
27
Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 3 (Extended Spectrum)
Amoxicillin +/- Clavulanate, Ampicillin
28
Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 3 (penicillinase-resistant)
Dicloxacillin
29
Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 3 (prototype, acid-stable)
Penicillin G, Penicillin V
30
Only obtain fluid cultures from drains or catheters if _____.
they are newly placed
31
Protected Locations/Infections that complicate antibiotic treatment (6)
Meningitis, Bone, Endocarditis, Intracellular, Abscesses, Foreign bodies
32
Side Effects: Antabuse-like effect: abdominal distress, headache, and vomiting with consumption of alcohol due to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase
Metronidazole
33
Side Effects: can intensify oral anticoagulants (Ex. warfarin)
Cephalosporins
34
Side Effects: Drug-drug interactions with antacids and iron supplemens
Tetracyclines
35
Side Effects: encephalopathy or convulsions at high dose
Penicillin
36
Side Effects: increased risk of tendon rupture and arthropathies
Fluoroquinolones
37
Side Effects: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and infusion-related symptoms
Vancomycin
38
Side Effects: pseudomembranous colitis
Clindamycin
39
Side Effects: QT interval prolongation
Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones (rare)
40
Side Effects: supferinfection
Extended spectrum penicllins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, Nitrofurantoin (candida), tetracyclines (fungal)
41
Side Effects: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Damage (irreversible) and nephrotoxicity
Aminoglycosides
42
Side Effects:drug-drug interactions: inhibits metabolism of theophylline (earlier generations), antacids reduce oral absorption
Fluoroquinolones
43
Spectrum: can be treated only with ceftriaxone of the cephalosporins
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
44
Spectrum: Can be used to treat Bacteroides fragilis
Amoxicillin +/- Clavulanate, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Carbapenems, Clindamycin, Nitrofurantoin
45
Spectrum: Can be used to treat Chlamydia and Mycoplasma
Macrolides, Tetracyclines, and Fluoroquinolones
46
Spectrum: can be used to treat Klebsiella with KPC or NDM-1
Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides
47
Spectrum: can be used to treat Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Ceftriaxone, Macrolides, Tetracyclines
48
Spectrum: Can be used to treat Pseudomonas
Piperacillin/Tazobactam, 4th/5th Cephalosporins, Carbapenems (exc. Ertapenem), Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones (Cipro, Levo)
49
Spectrum: Can treat Clostridium difficile
Metronidazole and Vancomycin (oral only)
50
Spectrum: Can treat E coli, except for when E coli has TEM-1, ESBL, or SHV-1
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin
51
Spectrum: Effective for E coli and E coli with TEM-1, but not for E coli with ESBL
Cephalosporins
52
Spectrum: Good coverage of gram-negative, poor coverage of gram-positive
Aminoglycosides
53
Spectrum: only effective for anaerobes (Clostridium and Bacteroides)
Metronidazole
54
Spectrum: only used for isolates recovered from urine
Nitrofurantoin
55
When to obtain specimens and from where
Before start of therapy; tissues or fluids, especially deeper specimens
56
When to use empiric antibiotic treatment.
Life threatening conditions; outpatient setting

Disease and Defense (16 decks)

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